How do I delete books from my nook - Tablets & eReaders question. Search Fixya. Have downloaded e-books from the library, but can't delete them from my Nook. The Barnes and Noble Nook for PC lets you read your Nook eBooks, eNewspapers, and more on any of your computers. How to Find and Remove. How do I delete books from my Nook? I had a Kindle Fire as a gift last year. I never opened it as I was using my Nook. My husband uses his KIndle Fire with no. Look for “My Nook Library” in the drop-down memory and select that. Find the book that you want to remove in the library list. Click “Delete”. This should be under the link. Ten most useful Nook tips and tricks. To remove books from the. Get free e-books Give your wallet a break by grabbing a book from one of the many free e-book. If you are searching for the way how to delete books from nook, here is the guide for details. Choose the proper way that fits your situation please. Delete books from Nook 1st edition or online delete free samples books from nook only delete books from Nook for android and IOS app or delete books from Nook color, Nook glowlight, etc or Situation 1: Remove books from Nook but archive If your device is the first Nook edition, you should do this online website. But if your devices are Nook 2 Edition~, you can do this directly on your devices, including Nook eReaders and Nook for Android and IOS app. 2 Choose the book you want to delete. In the library you will see all your books are listed clearly. Press and hold on the book cover, a menu that offers several options will pop up. Tap 'Archive', then these selected books will disappear from the library. But don't worry they remain on a shelf called 'Archived'. For this way you just remove your nook content from your device but the e-books remain in your B&N account and can be redownloaded at no charge. Situation 2: Delete books from Nook completely This situation only applies for removing books purchased from Barnes&Noble. I want to stress you do not begin this part at random unless you're sure you no longer want to read these books. Because the deletion is permanent and deleted books will have to be re-bought if you want them back or recover. Nearly the same as the steps at part 1, find your nook books you want to fullly delete, then from the pop-up options touch the 'Delete' button. It will prompts you to comfirm the deletion. Frequently Asked Questions Q: How to delete Nook free samples? A: I want you know that all your free samples of nook books couldn't be archived. To get rid of them you can only delete them from your account area completely. Q: How to hide archived B&N eBooks? A: For the situation 1 you just delete your books from device but they are still in your Nook Cloud. These archived files appear in gray on the B&N library screen. If you want to hide them or make them disappear from the list, select the 'Hide archived items'. Q: How to share Nook books with friends? A: There are 3 ways that you can have a try. Share nook books with friends by the same nook account, by lending out, or by removing DRM from Nook. Considered your privacy I strongly recommend you choose the way to remove Nook DRM. You can not only share nook books with your friends, but you can also share your nook content on your multi-devices. For example,, read nook books on iPad, etc. The tool you can use is. You can download it free for a trial. Removing books from your Galaxy Tab 4 Nook frees up space and helps to declutter your library. Use the Remove From Device command to delete a book from your library while leaving it available for download again on your Barnes & Noble account. Use the Delete From Account command to remove the book both from the Nook and your Barnes & Noble account. Removing a Book From Your Galaxy Tab 4 Nook To remove books and periodicals from your Nook, start by opening the library. Tap and hold the item you want to remove and select “Remove from Device.” Selecting this option removes the book from the device itself but leaves it on your online Barnes & Noble account so that you can download it again in the future. To delete the book from both the Nook and your Barnes & Noble account, touch and hold the book’s cover in the library, select “Delete from Account” and then tap “Delete from Account” again to confirm that you want to completely delete the book. This action can’t be undone, so proceed with caution. Removing Books on Older Nook Devices How you go about removing books varies somewhat on older Nook devices. On the Nook Tablet, for example, you open the library, tap and hold the book you want to delete, tap “Delete” and then tap “Delete” again to confirm. Deleting a book on these older devices removes it both from the device and from your Barnes & Noble account. This action cannot be undone. On other Nook devices, such as the Simple Touch, you can only archive books, which removes them but does not delete them from your account. Tap a book in your library and select “Archive” to archive it.
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Maureen Johnson, a writer whose free e-book, “Suite Scarlett,” went as high as No. 3 on Amazon’s Kindle best-seller list. Credit Chad Batka for The New York Times Here’s a riddle: How do you make your book a best seller on the Kindle? Answer: Give copies away. That’s right. More than half of the “best-selling” e-books on the Kindle, Amazon.com’s e-reader, are available at no charge. Download Free eBooks, Buy digital books in ePub and PDF ebook format. Book Reviews and Author interviews. Voted Best eBook store (/bestsellers). Although some of the titles are digital versions of books in the public domain — like Jane Austen’s “Pride and Prejudice” — many are by authors still trying to make a living from their work. Earlier this week, for example, the No. 1 and 2 spots on Kindle’s best-seller list were taken by “Cape Refuge” and “Southern Storm,” both novels by Terri Blackstock, a writer of Christian thrillers. The Kindle price: $0. Until the end of the month, Ms. Blackstock’s publisher, Zondervan, a division of HarperCollins Publishers, is offering readers the opportunity to download the books free to the Kindle or to the Kindle apps on their iPhone or in Windows. Publishers including Harlequin, Random House and Scholastic are offering free versions of digital books to Amazon, Barnes & Noble and other e-retailers, as well as on author Web sites, as a way of allowing readers to try out the work of unfamiliar writers. The hope is that customers who like what they read will go on to obtain another title for money. The digital giveaways come as publishers are panicking about price pressure on e-books in general. Amazon and other online retailers have set $9.99 as the putative e-book price for new releases and best sellers, and publishers worry that such pricing ultimately creates expectations among consumers that new books are no longer worth, say, $25 (the average list price of a new hardcover), or even $13 (a standard list price for trade paperbacks). Some publishers have tried to take control of pricing by delaying the publication of certain e-books for several months after the books are made available in hardcover. Executives at some houses said that given such actions, offering free content amounts to industry hypocrisy. “At a time when we are resisting the $9.99 price of e-books,” said David Young, chief executive of Hachette Book Group, the publisher of James Patterson and Stephenie Meyer, “it is illogical to give books away for free.” Similarly, a spokesman for Penguin Group USA said: “Penguin has not and does not give away books for free. We feel that the value of the book is too important to do that.” But some publishers regard free digital books as purely promotional, in the same vein as the free galleys they distribute to booksellers and reviewers to create attention and word-of-mouth buzz for an author. “Most people purchase stuff because somebody has recommended the title,” said Steve Sammons, executive vice president for consumer engagement at Zondervan. Two novels by Ms. “Scarlett Fever,” the latest in a series for young adults, is due out in hardcover on Feb. Credit Alessandra Montalto/The New York Times Free e-books are also a way of distinguishing a less-well-known author from the marketing juggernauts of the most popular books. “You have to show people things because there’s a lot of competition,” said Ms. Johnson, the author of “Suite Scarlett” and seven other books. “If they go into a store, they are going to see 4,000 books with Robert Pattinson’s face on it,” she added, referring to movie-tie-in versions of Ms. Meyer’s “Twilight” series. “Then my book will be buried under them.” And if a free e-book rises to the top of the Kindle best-seller list — or Barnes & Noble’s ranked list of free e-books — it automatically gives an author more visibility. “When you push to No. 1 of any best-seller list, that in itself seems to beget publicity,” said Brandilyn Collins, who writes suspense novels with Christian themes and whose novels “Exposure” and “Dark Pursuit” were No. 1 and 2 on the Kindle best-seller list earlier this month and remain in the Top 10 (and are still available free). Most of the giveaways are of older titles by an author, with the idea that reading them will convert new fans who will go on to buy more recently released books. Even if only a small percentage of those who download a free book end up buying another one, “that’s all found money,” said Steve Oates, vice president for marketing at Bethany House Publishers, a unit of Baker Publishing Group, whose authors Beverly Lewis and Tracie Peterson had free titles on the Kindle best-seller list this week. Samhain Publishing, a publisher of romance and erotica, has offered a free e-book title every two weeks for more than a year. Christina Brashear, its publisher, said that the giveaways have led to a noticeable bump in sales. In October, the most recent month for which she has statistics, Ms. Brashear said Samhain offered free digital versions of “Giving Chase,” a romance novel by Lauren Dane, leading to 26,897 downloads. But paid purchases of some of Ms. Dane’s other novels jumped exponentially. Her earlier novel “Chased,” which sold 97 copies in September, sold 2,666 digital units in October, and another of her previous books, “Taking Chase,” which sold 119 copies in September, sold 3,279 in the month in which a free download was available. Advertisement With e-books still representing about 5 percent of the total book market, data on the effect of digital giveaways is still inconclusive. Brian O’Leary, a principal at Magellan Media Consulting Partners, which advises publishers, said that while it appeared that free downloads led to an uptick in actual book buying, there was a risk that free reading could eventually “supplant paid reading.” Indeed, said Brian Murray, chief executive of HarperCollins, “free is not a business model.” Authors are torn between wanting to experiment with new formats and wanting to protect their income. Charlie Huston, the author of the Henry Thompson crime trilogy and a series of books about Joe Pitt, a vampire detective, said that “the part of me that grew up in a union household” still feels as if he were occasionally undermining himself by sanctioning digital giveaways by his publisher, Random House. But, he said, “I guess my attitude right now is that I can be afraid of what’s coming or I can try and aggressively embrace it in some form.” And in some cases, the free e-books work. Pamela Deron, a 29-year-old administrative assistant in Florida, said she downloaded a free edition of “Already Dead,” the first in the Joe Pitt series, onto her Kindle this month. “There are so many authors out there that fall into obscurity,” Ms. Deron wrote in an e-mail message. “Simply no one knows of them, and some readers are hesitant buying an author they never heard of. Free books allow you to experience the writer as a whole, not just a small tidbit.” She added: “Fifty dollars later, I have the entire Joe Pitt series.”. Great post, Ryan and Tim. Just wanted to chime in with a few other tips based on my experience as a self-publisher: 1. Some niches sell more in paper. I publish in LSAT prep. The LSAT is a pencil and paper test, and sales are MUCH higher for paper books (based on comparative sales ranks, and the duds that appear in the top LSAT kindle books). No one mentions e-books on forums, either. So know your niche. Paper royalties can actually be quite high, too. If you use Createspace, you can earn at least 40%. I’m earning between 60-70% of sales price on paper book sales due to amazon having discounted my book (without reducing royalties). I used LSI as a second publisher to list my book on B & N’s website and force price competition. Look for niches that have moats. I only entered the LSAT explanation business for two reasons: i. I already had some explanations that I sold through an affiliate blog. I just had to format them to make a book. I had gotten fast at writing explanations, so I can write new books fairly quickly. This took months of effort. If I hadn’t had those two advantages, I would not have entered my niche. It also means competitors are not likely to enter my niche, as it is not very lucrative. This leads to point 4. You don’t need to be a millionaire. There are many small niches that traditional publishers would never touch – they’re just not worth it. But if you can add $100-$1000 per month to your income, then that can make a significant difference in your life. There are countless niches capable of supporting this level of book sales. Tim, is there any way to allow us to follow replies to only our own comments via email? I’d love to follow this comment in case anyone replies with questions, but I don’t want to subscribe to all new replies to this post. You flood my inbox if I do that ? Liked. Great comment Graeme – I agree with a lot of what you wrote and was about to write a similar comment, especially about the smaller niches. I recently published a book (kindle and paperback) called “How to Propose Without Screwing it Up: 50 Common Mistakes You Won’t Know You’re Making and How to Avoid them” and I am absolutely shocked as how well a very targeted book like that is selling. In the first month I did five figures, although that may have a lot to do with the next few months being the most popular time men propose. Actually, what’s even more fascinating is that the print version outsells the kindle version! If I may add some tips, it would be the following: Many people say to hop on to the trend of the minute when choosing their topic, but I think going for an ‘evergreen’ if you will topics is far better. For example, men will always propose and want to make sure they get a ‘yes’. Writing an ebook is really the easiest part. Promoting and marketing your ebook is what will make the difference between a success or not. Just throwing it up on kindle probably won’t be enough to quit your day job. I try to do at least one thing a day to get the word out, whether that be pitching a story to a journalist/blog, writing a blog post, commenting on articles, checking and replying to haro (and other sites like it) inquiries for leads, writing a press release, etc. I should mention that I happen to think the best thing you can do is to use other people’s platforms. You get instant credibility this way and reach far more people than trying to build up a fan base through your blog. However, in order to do this you have to learn how to think like a journalist, pitch stories that are newsworthy and tied into current events. Anyways, I’ve rambled on too long! Again, great post and resources and best of luck to all of you! Thank you for this in-depth analysis. I have been thinking about releasing non-fiction e-books for kindle, but there has always been consideration in the back of my mind if I should go through traditional route first. I have not made up my mind yet either way, but information like this certainly helps. There are so many different opinions, so much to know and learn about the industry – but each case is different, and I guess we will all have our individual failures and successes. But that’s no reason not to be prepared. I also appreciate the handy book lists. Tim, this is perfect. Seriously, you always seem to be on point w/ exactly what I’m working on / thinking about. I’m in the process of going through all of the above right now. Goal is to have first book, Tales of Iceland, on Amazon in 2 weeks. Although Amazon is the behemoth, I do think it’s important to pay attention to players like Apple and Kobo (not so sure about B&N Nook). If there are any other published ebook authors out there — curious your thoughts and experience w/ the other platforms. Also, most of the world is still way behind the US in ebook adoption. Even in Iceland (where they read more books per capita than any other citizenry in the world), ebooks are still rarebut growing. So the good news is that as other countries catch up, the potential market will continue to grow. Thanks again. More like this, please! Hopefully I’ll have some valuable insight to add as I go down this path with the Iceland book. LOL the insane amount of good stuff coming out of this blog lately is just crackin’ me up. You’re giving me too much/so much awesome information lately – killer. But, alas, how in the heck am I supposed to take notes on such a great post, when the whole damn thing is worth noting?! I wrote a book some years ago about my time in the music business, and how to get a gig in that world – I hired a design student to lay it out for me using Adobe PageMaker, and he also did the cover. I had it printed using Lulu and send those copies into Amazon using FBA. I also sell it on Kindle, which is insanely simple. It needs to be updated, so this couldn’t have come at a better time. I’ll find a way to get you a copy when the second edition is out. ? Thanks, Tim. Great article but I am certain that the Stephen King, JK Rowling, and Stephenie Meyer did not make it big because they were mercenary about following pop culture trends and finding market niches. They CREATED pop culture trends by writing the stories already inside them. Maybe it’s idealistic, but I believe you should WRITE WHAT YOU LOVE (and then market the crap out of it.) That passion and authenticity for your subject/story will be felt by the reader. You will find it easier to write. It will sustain you through the writing processand the bloggingand promotions. (Now if I could just find that $500,000 royalty cheque) Like. An interesting concept, “a book as a startup”. Lots of similarities to Maneesh’s latest post on disrupting the music industry. If I was a new author (and was actually worth a damn / had a legit chance at long term success) I would release my first books for free to really focus on building a core 1000 fan base. Short stories would be fine, doesn’t have to be full length. Enough to give before you take. What do you sacrifice — a $2.09 Kindle commission? Lifetime fan value done properly could be 10-100x that. Its like mixtapes in the music game. It doesn’t matter how good an unknown artist is if no one is ponying up the dough to even hear them in the first place. Give it away for free and make 10x on your live shows instead. With a fan base in place, throw the $2.99 kiddy-pool model out the window, charge a real rate, over-deliver, and take the lions share. Can even be done with physical books, just book a distribution deal. Tucker realized the power of mass market self-publishing and evidently this is actually news to the publishing world, but rappers have been doing this (both mixtapes and sub-labels to be distributed) for decades. Brian Baby Williams is worth $100 mill off of this model and I doubt he could pass 6th grade algebra. Time to catch up guys. Imformative blog, dropped by to check you out. I sell ebooks online but I am writing a book titled “Lost William” which is a biography of the tragic life of a young boy who was abused in every way as a foster child under government supervision. It will enlighten everyone as to what goes on behind closed doors. All real names will be used in this novel to expose the truth. A book that is so compelling and graphic that has already caused an attempt on my life. The original copy of that book was destroyed during that attempt. After many years, I have decided to re-write the book. I will be publishing “An Author’s Introduction” to “Lost William” online soon.and your blog gives merit to my idea of self publishing my book in chapters or at least a five part series. Thanks for giving confirmation to my thoughts with your very informative blog. Thanks a lot, very helpful info. I just watched the interview with BitTorrent, quite interesting too. Imho, the most valid argument you gave to go for ebooks is that they are here to stay. So you’d better find ways to use them in a smart way than to resist (or deny) technical progress. Even so, as you worked with BitTorrent, do you have any idea how many copies of the 4HC were illegally downloaded? Is this (roughly) measurable? I ‘m about to launch my own personal development program after the summer, both as books and as educational program (by blended learning). I wrote years on it and am now gradually focusing on ways to put it into the market and promote it. I’m in the Netherlands so that probably is a bit of an initial disadvantage, but your way of working certainly is inspiring me, thanks Tim! Tim, Great post! What are your thoughts on publishing outside the Kindle store as well? I run Digital Delivery App, which is basically a modern e-junkie, and we have a load of e-book publishers who sell via their own websites. The downside is you don’t get the Kindle store exposure, but the upside is you can have much better marketing material, run affiliate programs and you only pay a fixed monthly fee rather than a percentage. Seen quite a few merchants pull in $100k+ using this method. Of course doing both is probably the way forward but having a successful affiliate program won’t bump you up the rankings in Kindle store sadly. Fantastic coverage of self-publishing process! I just wanted to add that Scrivener is awesome for outputting a Kindle mobi or an ePub formatted book which you can load straight to Amazon KDP. You can test it on a device which makes it much easier to know what your customers are getting before you publish. It’s certainly easy to do for plain text novels/non-fiction. Also, Kobo Writing Life is another great place to publish your books and sales there are going up all the time as they expand overseas into many countries Amazon isn’t in yet. Thanks, Joanna Like. Really great info. Interesting to note also: 50 Shades of Grey was initially self-published. By the time it sold 250k copies she got her publishing deal so she was already doing very well. I think the key in everything you wrote above isquantity. All the people (Konrath, Hocking, EL James, Hugh Howey) who dominated the best seller lists in their categories did so by publshing multiple books one after the other. At one point, Howey was 1-5 on the sci-fi list. Now those 5 books are all collected as one book, “Wool”. I was at one Amazon event for self-published authors and there was one woman who was making a living from writing there who had published over 100 novels. It’s interesting to take a look at the Amazon Kindles bestseller lists. Take all the covers and then just line them up next to each other. It’s essentially non-stop pictures of a man with his shirt off coming in close to a sexy woman. Ok, that’s it. I’m going to make a poster of that. And hang it on my wall so I can see so much love every morning when I wake up. Fabulous starter guide! I would add that kindle books can be powerful marketing for your other products on Amazon. We have 8 video guides and 9 kindle books, all offering practical sex advice and proven pleasure techniques – and the kindle books are one of our best forms of publicity for the videos. Also would recommend adding a catalog of your products to the end of every book, with easily clickable links directing folks right back to the kindle store. That way, when they finish a book they have loved, you can make it easy for them to get more right away. Tim- Awesome post. I got into self-publishing after reading the “$100 Startup” by Chris Guillebeau. I wrote a really nerdy/niche programming book over the course of a few months (), self published it with nothing more than a DEAD SIMPLE landing page, and have sold over $100,000 over the past 6 months. One strategy I borrowed from you was launching the landing page before the book was complete. As an experiment, I offered an “alpha” version at $39, and readers were able to get the material immediately as I wrote it. I thought it would be a great way to determine interest and figured I’d sell a few copies— wrong! I sold $10000 the first week! Doing it 100% in-house (read: not using Amazon KDP) has generated way more revenue for me. Because my book is incredibly niche, I price it HIGH at $59 and $179— I tested KDP I see far less sales and only retain 35% of that $59 price tag. I could easily live off of the earnings but choose to keep my full-time job because I enjoy it. Madison, You might want to try posting a Craigslist ad looking for someone to proofread/edit your book. I found a few really good people to take a look at my novel adult comedy novel “Blackout Drunk”. Trying to keep the costs as low as possible, I offered a free copy of the book when published (both paperback & kindle), as well as bought them a few books on their own wishlist. I found that most of the people that responded were avid readers, so it really wasn’t that big of a “job” for them to lend a hand, and they also welcomed the experience. Between the 3 I hired for the gig, I was able to use all their proofreading suggestions to come up with a pretty professional & entertaining book (in my humble obviously biased opinion). PS: Tim, fantastic post by the way man – thanks for the knowledge. Can you list those people that correct and proof read your book.being A,D,H,D with dislexyia I will truely need help I am not Stupid.In fact I read about 3-4 books at the same time a week.I read one for an hour,Put it to the side and grab the next been doing It since 3rd grade.and no adhd dosn’t go away it just changes a litle but I would need someone to put it all together.So others make sense of it cause I can go off on a tangent.Maybe thats what I should do first how to orgainize a mind that don’t want to be organized Like. Total synchronicity. I wrote an e-book and have not had the ovaries necessary to market it effectively. I’m an Indie publisher through Kindle and have sold just over 500 copies in a year ? I am almost finished a second book that I have a lot more passion and faith in, but was waffling and letting fear fill me. I was looking for direction and so checked to see if you had a new post. You publish a post about self publishing. Thank you for inspiring me once again. Somehow you have an intuitive mind that knows what your readers truly need to hear. From my heart to yours, Joy Nelson Like. I wouldn’t bother with starting up a blog just for the sake of selling the book. Yes, if you have a blog that already has a solid following, this is a great place to cross sell a kindle book related to your blog topic. But putting in the time to start a blog and gain followers just to hopefully get people interested in you enough to buy the book is a huge opportunity cost I think. Lets take a look at some hypothetical numbers: Lets say after 2 years of a lot of hard work, you have a blog that attracts a solid 25,000 visitors a month in whatever niche you are in. Within that month you have 5,000 people (25%) click through to the amazon sales page for your book. 50 per month actually buy your book (1% conversion rate). So even after all the hard work of creating a blog with a solid following, you would only be cross selling 50 books a month. Unless you are already well established in a certain niche, your time is better spent focusing on perfect your amazon sales page, cover design, etc. Researching what topics people are searching for on amazon that don’t have a lot of books for. Same thing goes for other social media like twitter and facebook. It might make you feel good or productive that you are creating a facebook page, setting up a twitter, blogging, but the reality is it is not doing anything to convert any real sales volume. I would say only once you are well established, then start utilizing blogs, facebook and twitter to sell more books. Tim (the other Tim, lol) I completely disagree. To be truly successful as an author, on the Kindle for example, you absolutely NEED to build an “author brand”. Look at Amanda Hockingbefore anyone knew who she was and before she sold any books, she communicated with her potential readers via social media and her blog. In fact, she published a post on her blog every 2 1/2 days for over 2 YEARS! Once she hit it big on Amazon and started making millions, people called it an “overnight” success, which of course it wasn’t. Your time isn’t better spent on your Amazon sales page or cover designyou can perfect that in a couple of hoursto be successful in self publishing, you need to spend time and effort building your author brand and you need to be prolific. Hi Paul, Point taken but I don’t think your comment “To be truly successful as an author, on the Kindle for example, you absolutely NEED to build an “author brand”” is true in all cases. It all depends on what kind of author/publisher you are looking to be. If you are looking to be a fiction writer, or becoming a respected voice in a niche like fitness books, then yes, developing an author/personal brand is highly valuable. But, there are many ways to approach the kindle store. I guess my original comment was geared more towards being a kindle “publisher” as opposed to an author. Meaning taking an internet marketing approach to the kindle store. Hiring ghostwriters to write high quality content for certain niches and marketing well. Creating books that are more towards people searching the kindle store to solve problems (how to get rid of hiccups or something like that) which they won’t care that much about the author, they more are looking for an immediate solution to a problem. There are many ways to approach the kindle store. For those who are not looking to become the next famous author like Amanda Hocking, but want to make a good amount of money solving problems by tackling certain niches, the blog/social media route is not the best way to go. There are many test cases of people having 50 mini books in the kindle store in different niches with ghostwritten author names racking in 5,000 dollars a month. Or having 15 high quality full books taking in the same amount. So yes, if your specific niche/topic/fiction genre depends on an author brand, then for sure social media and blogging are important. But if you take the internet marketer “publisher” route, they are not and are a waste of time. A blog isn’t necessary in many cases, but it’s misleading to compare blog traffic with Amazon traffic as equal. The Amazon domain gets high traffic, but a new title in a competitive niche can get buried. A blog provides more opportunites for search optimizations and direct response marketing. A book an Amazon supplemented by a blog and an email list has three traffic vectors, not just one. You don’t need to build an Alexa-1000 blog. You just need a platform for an opt-in box to start building a list to drive prospects to Amazon whenever you have a new title. A blog also gives you the chance to test other sales channels look Nook, Smashwords, or direct fulfillment through something like E-Junkie (if you’re pricing above impulse buys). The other advantage of a blog is that you get to see how your audience reacts to your writing – both the topic, and the style. As you and your audience evolve, you can incorporate that into your writing. Rather then spending a year or two and then waiting to see, you are taking many ‘mini’ experiments to see what reactions will be. You can start to experiment with marketing and PR with a lower stakes effort (so that bombed on that post, no big deal, compared to the fear of taking a step on a 2 year investment of time). Blogging is playing low stakes poker before you go to the world championships. Thank you so much for the helpful tips. I recently wrote and published a (German) book in 24 hours: Alles. – Dein 24 Stunden Erfolgsbuch. (Everything, Simple. Your 24 Hours Success Book). I wanted to show people that they can make money (and be successful) if they only have a vision, an ideal, and the guts to pull it through to finality. The eBook was ready in 24 hours, a Kindle version a couple of days later, then an on-demand version through Amazon’s CreateSpace, then a real print run. The only thing I regret is not having waited a little longer with the print run, as I still found a few typos. Now it’s out there, still needing to be supported by some marketing action, so reading this article was worth its weight in gold, for I shall try a different Kindle pricing (currently €7.99 vs. €14.99 for the printed book), and also pick up on a number of other suggestions. I’ll report back in due course. ? Peace and blessings, and whoever reads this, be strong, be bold, keep shining! Helmar Liked. Tim, it’s people like you that are doing more to help our economy than many politicians. Teaching people how to fish as opposed to just feeding them one. It would be great if every year there was a forum of business leaders (entrepreneurs, innovators, thought leaders) and political leaders coming together to think of new fresh ideas as to how to really positively impact areas of concern like poverty, education, etc. The best and brightest minds are not being heard in the ways our great country needs them to be heard. Your paper is brilliant! The sections on writing, formatting, etc, are no problem to me. I have just published a book on Kindle, via Amazon, about Shakespeare (yawn); showing that he actually wrote most of the stuff accredited to him (shock! Horror!); and suggesting what he might have been doing during the so-called “lost years” (you mean he wasn’t a sailor, or a schoolteacher?) My troubles start with marketing. How do I promote it when it doesn’t have a niche and the readership out there generally couldn’t care less. Incidentally I have just finished reading a “bestseller”, with a prime-time author interview, tv adaptation – the works. The story is rubbish; the writing variable; the editing apparently non-existent. How do the publishers earn their money? Leslie Rocker Like. Glad to see a post about ebook publishing to Kindle Store here. ? IMO Kindle publishing comes with 4 components – promoting + producing content + formatting + cover designing. The most important component here is PROMOTING. When I say “promoting” I don’t mean just about getting profit from what you sell. It’s about getting more people to know about your message and build your “small army” (quote Chris Guillebeau from AONC). Even that you’re writing content for free on your blog, you should know how to promote it as well. Otherwise, what’s the point? Promoting comes first, writing content comes second. If you write fast or enjoy writing, by all mean, do the writing yourself. If not, you may break the writing into at least two parts – research and producing. Have the message that you want to share to the world, get someone to research, test the niche, listen to the market etc. Then use creative methods to produce your content. Record your own voice and transcript it, interview experts, Q&A etc and outsource to someone to really “write” it out. Finally, get the cover designing and formatting done by someone/ a team instead of doing that yourself. My point is, outsource the “non-profitable components” (formatting, designing, or even content writing) the 4HWW way, and focusing on spreading your message to the world, engage with your community, test your book pricing etc. This is actually a mind-blowing post! I’d been considering writing a book about photography for some time, and have had a few fiction ideas kicking around the back of my brain as well, and this really got the ball rolling for me. I’ve been an avid reader of 4HWW for quite some time, but I think this may be one of the most valuable posts I’ve read here. Keep up the good work, Tim & Ryan! Question for Tim: Have you ever considered publishing fiction? If so, what sort of fiction? I could see you writing Ludlum-esque spy/action novels, but given the vagaries of people’s tastes and talents, you might wind up writing romance novels interspersed with all the little-known techniques you’ve learned over the years. Question for Ryan: When starting a blog as a vehicle to promote one’s fiction writing, do you recommend using the author’s name as the blog title (and/or URL) or the book title for the blog title? Another question for Tim: Given the disparity between what I want to write and the photography I do, what are some effective methods for keeping a pseudonym an effective second person online? I have a series of 5, short ebooks up on Amazon, & have been amazed at how the Amazon “machine” works – the more sales made, the more it rises in the popularity rankings, the more it appears on other pages, meaning chances at more sales etc. The trick seems to be maintaining those positions. One facet I’m poor at is maintaining a blog to foster a readership. I have the framework up, but I need to invest some royalty monies in hiring someone to make it presentable, and figure out how to make it cross promote the other books. I guess ebooks aren’t purely passive income after all – it appears I have to work at it a bit! One area not covered in this article: the opportunity to combine public domain content (books whose copyright has expired) with eBook publishing. I compiled a single Kindle collection containing 12 books by Lucy Maud Montgomery, including 8 books from the Anne of Green Gables series. I published that collection on Amazon on February 4 at a price of 99 cents. In the two months since, I’ve earned $18,000 off the sales of this single item. Without the massive marketing and sales machine that is Amazon, this would have been impossible. I used many of the tools and concepts in this post, but I didn’t have to write the books ? This has proven to be an enjoyable and lucrative “hobby.” Aaron Liked. Hazel, Amazon does have a couple of rules related to publishing public domain content in their store. The one I think you’re referring to is this: if a free version of a work already exists in the Amazon store, you can’t publish a paid version without some differentiation. The examples of differentiation Amazon cites include translations, annotations, original biographic content about the author, or illustrations. In my case, I selected 12 books by Lucy Maud Montgomery for my collection. Of the 12, 8 had free versions at Amazon (although the quality varied considerably on these.) The remaining 4 either weren’t free for Kindle or weren’t available at all. This met Amazon’s guidelines. It also allowed me to create a great offer for potential buyers. For just 99 cents, they get 12 complete books in a collection that’s clean, well-edited, and easy to use. I built a custom table of contents that allows you to easily jump to any book and chapter in the collection. I’m currently working on a Kindle book that will teach other the guidelines, process, drawbacks and benefits of this type of publishing as a source of enjoyment and income. Hopefully it will help others find success in this area. Thanks, this is what I was searching for? Can you please solve my issue? It will be great help for me. I am preparing for some kind of competative exam of english literature and I want to work for passive income also like self publishing. I want to create an ebook using materials taken from wikipedia or other websites. Is it safe and legal? How should I get my book published whether with public domain or copyright? Actually, I don’t understand that when I should use public domain and when I should go for copyright. If I want to use some information about William Shakespeare in my ebook from Wikipedia or other website then can I use that as is or there should be complete change? I am totally puzelled it will be great help if you solve the issue. Thanks again Like. Tim, This is a fantastic post. You have selflessly provided us with the tools to succeed once again. Thanks for that. I really want to find a way to use my skills as an engineer and an attorney to help entrepreneurs suceed. I am about to graduate from school and beginning my career as an intellectual property attorney at a large midwest law firm. Do you know of a way I can become involved in helping entrepreneurs succeed in bringing their ideas to fruition? I would love for this to be a part of my career but I am not sure how I can start. Create an ebook for startups? Help to advise new entrepreneurs? Any thoughts you have are great. Your ideas are always so helpful. Thanks again and keep up the great work! If you’ve got Android-based smartphone or tablet, you may want to check out Google’s native ebookstore available on Google Play. The number of countries with access to Google Play ebookstore is increasing. Currently there are 26. While Google web search is famous from showing thousands of results to even the most specific key phrase, Google Play is not like that. Just the opposite. In Google’s store the list of results is very limited and usually contains no more than 100 items. Many people confuse Google Play Books with Google Books. The latter is a project that started in October 2004 and is devoted to scan print books, convert them to a digital format and store in an online searchable database. As of April 2013 there are over 30 million publications on Google Books – but this is not what you’ll see and get from Google Play ebookstore. These two services are separate. In March,, but how many of them are free it’s really hard to tell. Again, it’s not easy to get the list of all available free titles. One general advice would be to get the most of the search box. If you are looking for a book from a specific category or author, don’t hesitate to use the search box to narrow the number of results in order to fit into the search result limit. You’ll always be able to filter the results by price (as shown in the tip section below). 3 ways to find free ebooks on Google Play 1. Explore Top Charts section This is a basic tool. Finding Full-Text Books Online. 'To find e-books in Harvard. To view within Google Books the FIND AT HARVARD links that will connect you to. After you buy & download books on Google Play, you can: Read online or read offline Read books on more than one device Jump to a different part of the book Change the. Advanced Book Search: About Google: Find results. All books Limited preview and full view Full view only Google eBooks only. Go to, and from a left-side panel select Books. Now, from a top navigation bar, select Top Charts. A list of top free downloads should appear right underneath. As I said before, Google offers very simple, if not simplistic, search tools. You can’t sort the results, or expand the list. Happily, on top of the list you’ll see books from contemporary authors. Public domain titles will appear while you scroll down. If you won’t see top free books it under Top Charts section, you can go directly to this link: 2. Make the most of the search box Google is about searching, so make the most of the search box and you’ll most probably find the books that will be interesting enough to download for free. Actually, you don’t even need to type “free” in the search box, as Google offers one, but very useful filter option. Here is an example. If you are looking for a free thriller, type “thriller” in the search field (1) and then select Free from a drop-down menu All prices. You’ll see a list of results like this. You can perform a search for any keyword and the option to rule out all paid titles will be always available. To me, this is the best possible way to browse Google Play for free ebooks. You just have to actively look for books, authors, genres or topics. Typing a slightly modified key phrase can bring different results, so be creative and keep testing. Using the search box extensively – this seems to be the best rule for Google Play. Browse Google Play via web search If you’d want to get the list of all results that are related to your key phrase and come from Google Play ebookstore, you can use Google web search. The way to limit search results to Google Play is to put in a web search box a key phrase: site:play.google.com Limit results to Google Play ebookstore use inurl: search operator – inurl:store/books/details looks only for results from Books section of Google Play, just like inurl:store/apps/details looks only for applications: site:play.google.com inurl:store/books/details How to limit the results to Google Play ebookstore pages that are free ebooks. The most effective trick I found is to use the word “free” and exclude “sample” (from “free sample” – that means it’s a paid book): site:play.google.com inurl:store/books/details free -sample The good way about searching via Google web is that you can use search tools available here. For instance, you can look only for items that appeared in the past month. I’ll keep exploring Google Play ebookstore, especially for ways to find foreign-language books, so stay in touch, get free updates. • • • Check out other how-to posts: • • • • •. Het verhaal gaat [Nico ter Linden] on Amazon.com. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. As pictured (please see my image); 1 de thora; 312 pages. Het verhaal gaat door over de betekenis van de preek in onze dagen ebooks het verhaal gaat door over de betekenis van de preek in onze dagen is available on pdf. From India to U.S.A. About this Item: 2017. Condition: New. Dut Lang:- dut, Pages:- 257, It is an Ebook edition of the original edition published long back [1920]. We found this book important for the readers who want to know about our old treasure so we brought it back in ebook (pdf) format. These are scanned images of the original book in pdf format. We provide you the best available ebook for your ebook shelf. Once you place the order, you will receive a link to download the pdf file. An email will be sent shortly to your email address containing the download instructions. This is an Ebook. All sales final unless there is illegibility to text. Seller Inventory # 759| 1. From India to U.S.A. About this Item: 2017. Condition: New. Dutch Lang:- Dutch, Pages:- 415, It is an Ebook edition of the original edition published long back [1845]. We found this book important for the readers who want to know about our old treasure so we brought it back in ebook (pdf) format. These are scanned images of the original book in pdf format. We provide you the best available ebook for your ebook shelf. Once you place the order, you will receive a link to download the pdf file. An email will be sent shortly to your email address containing the download instructions. This is an Ebook. All sales final unless there is illegibility to text. Seller Inventory # 379| 2. From India to U.S.A. About this Item: 2017. Condition: New. Dut Lang:- dut, Pages:- 589, It is an Ebook edition of the original edition published long back [1768]. We found this book important for the readers who want to know about our old treasure so we brought it back in ebook (pdf) format. These are scanned images of the original book in pdf format. We provide you the best available ebook for your ebook shelf. Once you place the order, you will receive a link to download the pdf file. An email will be sent shortly to your email address containing the download instructions. This is an Ebook. All sales final unless there is illegibility to text. Seller Inventory # 185| 3. From India to U.S.A. About this Item: 2017. Condition: New. Dutch Lang:- Dutch, Pages:- 89, It is an Ebook edition of the original edition published long back [1773]. We found this book important for the readers who want to know about our old treasure so we brought it back in ebook (pdf) format. These are scanned images of the original book in pdf format. We provide you the best available ebook for your ebook shelf. Once you place the order, you will receive a link to download the pdf file. An email will be sent shortly to your email address containing the download instructions. This is an Ebook. All sales final unless there is illegibility to text. Seller Inventory # 237| 4. From India to U.S.A. About this Item: 2017. Condition: New. Dutch Lang:- Dutch, Pages:- 79, It is an Ebook edition of the original edition published long back [1775]. We found this book important for the readers who want to know about our old treasure so we brought it back in ebook (pdf) format. These are scanned images of the original book in pdf format. We provide you the best available ebook for your ebook shelf. Once you place the order, you will receive a link to download the pdf file. An email will be sent shortly to your email address containing the download instructions. This is an Ebook. All sales final unless there is illegibility to text. Seller Inventory # 327| 5. From India to U.S.A. About this Item: 2017. Condition: New. Dutch Lang:- Dutch, Pages:- 480, It is an Ebook edition of the original edition published long back [1831]. We found this book important for the readers who want to know about our old treasure so we brought it back in ebook (pdf) format. These are scanned images of the original book in pdf format. We provide you the best available ebook for your ebook shelf. Once you place the order, you will receive a link to download the pdf file. An email will be sent shortly to your email address containing the download instructions. This is an Ebook. All sales final unless there is illegibility to text. Seller Inventory # 329| 6. From India to U.S.A. About this Item: 2017. Condition: New. Dut Lang:- dut, Pages:- 961, It is an Ebook edition of the original edition published long back [1831]. We found this book important for the readers who want to know about our old treasure so we brought it back in ebook (pdf) format. These are scanned images of the original book in pdf format. We provide you the best available ebook for your ebook shelf. Once you place the order, you will receive a link to download the pdf file. An email will be sent shortly to your email address containing the download instructions. This is an Ebook. All sales final unless there is illegibility to text. Seller Inventory # 339| 7. From India to U.S.A. About this Item: 2017. Condition: New. Dut Lang:- dut, Pages:- 837, It is an Ebook edition of the original edition published long back [1831]. We found this book important for the readers who want to know about our old treasure so we brought it back in ebook (pdf) format. These are scanned images of the original book in pdf format. We provide you the best available ebook for your ebook shelf. Once you place the order, you will receive a link to download the pdf file. An email will be sent shortly to your email address containing the download instructions. This is an Ebook. All sales final unless there is illegibility to text. Seller Inventory # 347| 8. From India to U.S.A. About this Item: 2017. Condition: New. Dutch Lang:- Dutch, Pages:- 111, It is an Ebook edition of the original edition published long back [1838]. We found this book important for the readers who want to know about our old treasure so we brought it back in ebook (pdf) format. These are scanned images of the original book in pdf format. We provide you the best available ebook for your ebook shelf. Once you place the order, you will receive a link to download the pdf file. An email will be sent shortly to your email address containing the download instructions. This is an Ebook. All sales final unless there is illegibility to text. Seller Inventory # 774| 9. From India to U.S.A. About this Item: 2017. Condition: New. Dutch Lang:- Dutch, Pages:- 493, It is an Ebook edition of the original edition published long back [1831]. We found this book important for the readers who want to know about our old treasure so we brought it back in ebook (pdf) format. These are scanned images of the original book in pdf format. We provide you the best available ebook for your ebook shelf. Once you place the order, you will receive a link to download the pdf file. An email will be sent shortly to your email address containing the download instructions. This is an Ebook. All sales final unless there is illegibility to text. Seller Inventory # 852| 10. From India to U.S.A. About this Item: 2017. Condition: New. Dutch Lang:- Dutch, Pages:- 412, It is an Ebook edition of the original edition published long back [1832]. We found this book important for the readers who want to know about our old treasure so we brought it back in ebook (pdf) format. These are scanned images of the original book in pdf format. We provide you the best available ebook for your ebook shelf. Once you place the order, you will receive a link to download the pdf file. An email will be sent shortly to your email address containing the download instructions. This is an Ebook. All sales final unless there is illegibility to text. Seller Inventory # 219| 11. In het Amerikaanse stadje Dooling, waar een vrouwengevangenis het enige gebouw van betekenis is, breekt een vreemde ziekte uit. Alle vrouwen die in slaap vallen, worden langzaam ingekapseld door iets wat lijkt op spinrag, tot er een cocon om hun hoofd is gevormd - en ze worden niet meer wakker. De ziekte verspreidt zich als een epidemie en iedere vrouw doet haar best om zo lang mogelijk wakker te blijven. Politiechef Lila Norcross is een van hen, maar hoe hard zij en de goedwillende mannen om haar heen ook werken om de orde te bewaren, al snel komen de primaire instincten van de achterblijvers aan de oppervlakte en raakt het leven in Dooling ontwricht. Het is eten of gegeten worden.Schone slaapsters wordt bevolkt door vele memorabele personages. Zo is er Clint, de vrouw van Lila, die als psychiater van de vrouwengevangenis probeert om het kwaad buiten de deur te houden. De gevangenen die elk met hun eigen achtergrond en verhaal trachten de wonderbaarlijke situatie naar hun hand te zetten. En dan is er nog de raadselachtige Evie, de enige vrouw die in slaap kan vallen en ongeschonden weer wakker wordt. Niemand weet waar ze vandaan komt en over welke bijzondere gaven ze beschikt. Iedereen inSchone slaapsters wordt op de proef gesteld en gaat tot het uiterste om te overleven. Maar is het genoeg om een catastrofe af te wenden? Stephen King en Owen King hebben een meeslepende roman geschreven die alles op scherp zet, en waarin ze meesterlijk laten zien wat er kan gebeuren als de temperaturen in de samenleving verder en verder worden opgevoerd. Lisbeth Salander zit voor korte periode in de gevangenis. Ze probeert zich zoveel mogelijk afzijdig te houden van haar medegevangenen om conflicten te vermijden. Wanneer ze het toch opneemt voor een jonge vrouw uit Bangladesh in de cel naast haar, wordt ze onmiddellijk uitgedaagd door de bendeleidster Benito. Holger Palmgren bezoekt Lisbeth en vertelt haar dat hij documenten heeft ontvangen over hoe slecht ze als kind door de autoriteiten is behandeld. De sporen leiden naar een zekere Leo Mannheimer, partner van een welgestelde effectenhandelaar. Hoe is zijn verleden verbonden aan dat van haar? Lisbeth vraagt Mikael Blomkvist, zonder verdere toelichting, onderzoek naar deze Leo te doen. Ondertussen worden de dreigingen van Benito en haar bende aan Lisbeths adres steeds serieuzer. In DE MAN DIE ZIJN SCHADUW ZOCHT vertelt David Lagercrantz een razend spannend verhaal over het misbruik van autoriteiten, eremoord en de schaduwen uit Lisbeths jeugd die haar nog steeds achtervolgen. De #1 bestsellerauteur van Het meisje in de trein is terug met een verslavende thriller vol psychologische spanning. Nel, een alleenstaande moeder, wordt dood aangetroffen in de lokale rivier. Eerder die zomer sprong een tienermeisje op dezelfde plek haar dood tegemoet. Ze zijn niet de eerste vrouwen die ten prooi vallen aan deze donkere wateren, en hun dood veroorzaakt een golf van onrust over de rivier en zijn geschiedenis. De vijftienjarige dochter van Nel blijft alleen achter. Daarom moet Nels zus, Jules, terugkeren naar het stadje dat ze jaren geleden de rug heeft toegekeerd. Voorgoed, dacht ze toen. In dezelfde hypnotiserende stijl als Het meisje in de trein, waarmee Paula Hawkins miljoenen lezers wereldwijd wist te raken, ontspint zich een verbluffend en gelaagd verhaal dat zich afspeelt in een kleine gemeenschap, waar pijnlijk duidelijk wordt dat herinneringen niet te vertrouwen zijn. Kijk uit voor diepe wateren, je weet nooit wat zich onder de oppervlakte bevindt. 1 Nachthandel– Jack Reacher #22 van Lee Child Advies: leg Reacher geen strobreed in de weg. Jack Reacher maakt een wandelingetje in een stad in de Amerikaanse Midwest. In de etalage van een pandjeshuis valt zijn oog toevallig op een sierraad, een kleine damesring van de militaire academie West Point. Wiezou van zoiets afstand doen? Jack Reacher gaat op zoek naar de eigenaresse en laat zich niet dwarsbomen. Lee Child is de internationale bestsellerauteur van de Jack Reacher-serie. Daarvoor ontving hij in 2013 de prestigieuze Diamond Dagger Award. Hetnegende boek One Shot (Voltreffer) en het negentiende boek Never go back (Ga nooit terug) zijn verfilmd met Tom Cruise in de hoofdrol.‘Jack Reacher: de gaafste serie-hoofdpersoon die er te koop is.’ Stephen King. 2 Lisbeth Salander zit voor korte periode in de gevangenis. Ze probeert zich zoveel mogelijk afzijdig te houden van haar medegevangenen om conflicten te vermijden. Wanneer ze het toch opneemt voor een jonge vrouw uit Bangladesh in de cel naast haar, wordt ze onmiddellijk uitgedaagd door de bendeleidster Benito. Holger Palmgren bezoekt Lisbeth en vertelt haar dat hij documenten heeft ontvangen over hoe slecht ze als kind door de autoriteiten is behandeld. De sporen leiden naar een zekere Leo Mannheimer, partner van een welgestelde effectenhandelaar. Hoe is zijn verleden verbonden aan dat van haar? Lisbeth vraagt Mikael Blomkvist, zonder verdere toelichting, onderzoek naar deze Leo te doen. Ondertussen worden de dreigingen van Benito en haar bende aan Lisbeths adres steeds serieuzer. In DE MAN DIE ZIJN SCHADUW ZOCHT vertelt David Lagercrantz een razend spannend verhaal over het misbruik van autoriteiten, eremoord en de schaduwen uit Lisbeths jeugd die haar nog steeds achtervolgen. 3 Pietro is een stadsjongen uit Milaan. Zijn vader is scheikundige, en gefrustreerd door zijn werk in een fabriek. Zijn ouders delen een liefde voor de bergen, dat is waar ze elkaar ontmoetten, waar ze verliefd werden en waar ze trouwden in een kerkje aan de voet van de berg. Door deze gedeelde passie kan hun relatie voortbestaan, zelfs wanneer tragische gebeurtenissen plaatsvinden. Het stadsleven vervult hun vaak met gevoelens van spijt dat ze niet voor een ander leven hebben gekozen. Dan ontdekken ze een dorpje in het Noord-Italiaanse Valle d'Aosta waar het gezin vanaf dat moment iedere zomer zal doorbrengen. De elfjarige Pietro raakt er bevriend met de even oude Bruno, die voor de koeien zorgt. Hun zomers vullen zich met eindeloze wandelingen door de bergen en zoektochten door verlaten huizen en oude molens en er bloeit een ogenschijnlijk onverwoestbare vriendschap op. Derde deel uit de populaireSea Breeze-serie Low heeft het hart van Cage gebroken nadat ze een relatie met Marcus inAlleen voor haar. Het leven van Cage begon langzaamaan van de rails te raken, eindigend in een arrestatie voor beschonken rijden. Om zijn baseballbeurs te kunnen behouden - het enige waar hij naast Low om geeft - moet Cage een zomerbaantje zien te vinden. Weg van Sea Breeze. Op een boerderij, met een hoop koeien en zonder hete meisjes. Misschien is dat wat Cage nodig heeft om alles weer op orde te krijgen. Maar de eigenaar van de boerderij blijkt een knappe maar chagrijnige dochter te hebben. Cage ziet een hoop geheimen en verdriet in haar ogen. Hij wil niets liever dan haar zowel mentaal als fysiek uitkleden in de schuur, maar is hij wel klaar voor de consequenties? Mooji is een internationaal befaamde Wijze die op de meest mooie, liefdevolle en levendige manieren rechtstreeks wijst naar de onvergankelijke Waarheid. Zijn uitspraken doen deze tijdloze wijsheid in ons hart ontwaken en ze wassen alles weg wat onecht is, zodat alleen de vreugde en de stilte van puur zijn overblijven. Wit Vuur is een verzameling van Mooji's wezenlijke spirituele leringen gecomprimeerd tot de grootte van een pil. Eenmaal doorgeslikt zijn deze aanwijzingen als goddelijke granaten die lijden en begoochelingen wegvagen en aldus je ware aard onthullen als perfect en tijdloos wezen. Duik in zijn liefdevolle wijsheid en begeleiding die je in dit waardevolle boek vindt - laat het datgene verbranden wat niet waar is in jou en laat het je weer tot leven wekken als datgene wat niet kan sterven. Python is een van de populairste programmeertalen ter wereld. En dat is niet zo gek: Python biedt betrouwbare code en een bondige syntaxis waarmee je apps kunt maken met minder regels code dan met andere programmeertalen. Bovendien wordt Python voor allerlei onderwerpen gebruikt door mensen zonder programmeerervaring. Met Programmeren met Python voor Dummies leer je in heldere stap-voor-stapinstructies de syntaxis van Python kennen en ontdek je de logica achter het programmeren. Met dit boek heeft Python geen geheimen meer voor jou! John Paul Mueller is auteur en redacteur. Hij heeft zo'n honderd boeken en meer dan 300 artikelen geproduceerd, onder meer voor verschillende magazines. In 1858, Drs. Henry Gray and Henry Vandyke Carter created a book for their surgical colleagues that established an enduring standard among anatomical texts. After more than 150 years of continuous publication, Gray's Anatomy remains the definitive, comprehensive reference on the subject, offering ready access to the information you need to ensure safe, effective practice. This 41st edition has been meticulously revised and updated throughout, reflecting the very latest understanding of clinical anatomy from field leaders around the world. The book's traditional lavish art programme and clear text have been further honed and enhanced, while major advances in imaging techniques and the new insights they bring are fully captured in new state-of-the-art X-ray, CT, MR, and ultrasonic images. Public Group active 1 month, 3 weeks ago Grays Anatomy for Students by Richard Drake Download EPUB, PDF archived file. The ePub format provides an eBook that can be read on both large and small screens. Gray's Anatomy for Students. And Gray's Atlas of Anatomy 2 nd Edition. The anglican breviary. Use search box in the widget to get ebook that you want. The Anglican Breviary. (to say the least). Read The Roman Breviary. In every emergency — prayer, I say. Buy the eBook. Your price $3.95 USD. Earn Kobo Super Points! As I have said before, praying with a physical breviary can be challenging especially if no one is there to show you how. However, after an initial introduction. The word “breviary. Choosing a Breviary- Divine Office Boot Camp. I’ve prayed the Liturgy of Hours for a week and I must say the most off putting. Author by: Missio Dei Language: en Publisher by: Lulu.com Format Available: PDF, ePub, Mobi Total Read: 99 Total Download: 843 File Size: 48,7 Mb Description: The Missio Dei Breviary is a simple, accessible book of morning and evening prayers. It reflects a commitment to a missional, incarnational way of life with a counter-cultural vibe. The Missio Dei Breviary draws primarily from the Anabaptist tradition, but is also inspired by Benedictine, Franciscan, and Eastern Orthodox spiritualities. It offers a 28-day repeating cycle of morning and evening prayers that draw from all four gospels. Author by: Becky Garrison Language: en Publisher by: Harper Collins Format Available: PDF, ePub, Mobi Total Read: 66 Total Download: 160 File Size: 42,6 Mb Description: Wonder where Jesus has gotten to lately? In Jesus Died for This? Religious satirist Becky Garrison's search for the risen Christ first takes us where Jesus isn't before suggesting where he may be. Provocative, entertaining, and abundantly relevant, this book reminds us that if we truly seek to be more grace-filled, we'd do well to be more graceful in the pursuit. Author by: Joel Hedstrom Language: en Publisher by: PM Press Format Available: PDF, ePub, Mobi Total Read: 78 Total Download: 853 File Size: 54,8 Mb Description: This imaginative retelling of the legend of Saint Francis and the Wolf explores what it means to be a peacemaker in the midst of violence and how to restore a healthy relationship with creation. Settle in and read a tale of tooth and sword, of beggars and lords, of outlaws and wild beasts. It is a story of second chances and the power of love. Donor challenge: A generous supporter will match your donation 3-to-1 right now. Your $5 becomes $20! Dear Internet Archive Supporter: Time is Running Out! I ask only once a year: please help the Internet Archive today. We’re an independent, non-profit website that the entire world depends on. Our work is powered by donations averaging about $41. If everyone chips in $5, we can keep this going for free. EBooks - Category: Comics & Graphic Novels - Download free eBooks or read books online for free. Discover new authors and their books in our eBook community. For the cost of a used paperback, we can share a book online forever. When I started this, people called me crazy. Tatum and Cindy share prison cells in the secret STUN facility, and they get some unexpected company soon afterwards. Crush finds himself facing down an. 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Donor challenge: A generous supporter will match your donation 3-to-1 right now. Your $5 becomes $20! Dear Internet Archive Supporter: Time is Running Out! I ask only once a year: please help the Internet Archive today. We’re an independent, non-profit website that the entire world depends on. Our work is powered by donations averaging about $41. If everyone chips in $5, we can keep this going for free. For the cost of a used paperback, we can share a book online forever. When I started this, people called me crazy. Collect web pages? Who’d want to read a book on a screen? For 21 years, we’ve backed up the Web, so if government data or entire newspapers disappear, we can say: We Got This. We’re dedicated to reader privacy. We never accept ads. But we still need to pay for servers and staff. If you find our site useful, please chip in. —Brewster Kahle, Founder, Internet Archive. Donor challenge: A generous supporter will match your donation 3-to-1 right now. Your $5 becomes $20! Dear Internet Archive Supporter: Time is Running Out! I ask only once a year: please help the Internet Archive today. We’re an independent, non-profit website that the entire world depends on. Our work is powered by donations averaging about $41. If everyone chips in $5, we can keep this going for free. For the cost of a used paperback, we can share a book online forever. When I started this, people called me crazy. Collect web pages? Who’d want to read a book on a screen? For 21 years, we’ve backed up the Web, so if government data or entire newspapers disappear, we can say: We Got This. We’re dedicated to reader privacy. We never accept ads. But we still need to pay for servers and staff. If you find our site useful, please chip in. —Brewster Kahle, Founder, Internet Archive. Donor challenge: A generous supporter will match your donation 3-to-1 right now. Your $5 becomes $20! Dear Internet Archive Supporter: Time is Running Out! I ask only once a year: please help the Internet Archive today. We’re an independent, non-profit website that the entire world depends on. Our work is powered by donations averaging about $41. If everyone chips in $5, we can keep this going for free. For the cost of a used paperback, we can share a book online forever. When I started this, people called me crazy. Collect web pages? Who’d want to read a book on a screen? For 21 years, we’ve backed up the Web, so if government data or entire newspapers disappear, we can say: We Got This. We’re dedicated to reader privacy. We never accept ads. But we still need to pay for servers and staff. If you find our site useful, please chip in. —Brewster Kahle, Founder, Internet Archive. Skywald Publications was a 1970s publisher of black-and-white comics magazines, primarily the horror anthologies Nightmare, Psycho, and Scream. It also published a small line of comic books and other magazines. Skywald's first publication was Nightmare #1 (Dec. The company lasted through the end of 1974 or early 1975, with Psycho #24 (March 1975) its final publication. Nightmare published 23 issues and Scream put out 11 issues. The company name is a combination of those of its founders. Bulletman was a Fawcett Comics superhero created by Bill Parker and Jon Smalle for Nickel Comics #1 in May, 1940. Bulletman and Bulletgirl were Fawcett Comics' second most popular characters after Captain Marvel and the Marvel Family. They were leased by DC Comics along with the rest of the Fawcett comics stable of characters in 1972. However, the characters lapsed into public domain prior to the said acquisition, which would later allow AC Comics to reprint their Golden Age adventures. 8-Bit Theater (also spelled 8-Bit Theatre) is a popular sprite comic created and launched by Brian Clevinger in March 2001 that won the Web Cartoonist's Choice Awards for best fantasy comic in 2002. The plot of the comic is based on that of the video game Final Fantasy I, following the four Light Warriors in their quest to vanquish the King of Demons, Chaos. The comic is not, however, a serious epic; much of the humor displayed in 8-Bit Theater is derived from the blunderings and misadventures. Favorite favorite favorite favorite favorite ( 1 reviews ) Topics: 8-bit-theater, nuklear power, ZeStuff. Lone Ranger Comics # 82 thru 99 The Lone Ranger Comics: Dell had a comic book series which lasted 145 issues. This originally consisted of reprints from the newspaper strips (as had all previous comic book appearances of the character, in various titles from David McKay Publications and from Dell); however, original content began with #7. Tonto got his own spin-off title in 1951, which lasted 31 issues, followed by Silver the horse in 1952, which ran to 34 issues. In addition Dell published. Topics: Lone Ranger, Comics, cbr, westerns. Lone Ranger Comics # 58 thru 69 The Lone Ranger Comics: Dell had a comic book series which lasted 145 issues. This originally consisted of reprints from the newspaper strips (as had all previous comic book appearances of the character, in various titles from David McKay Publications and from Dell); however, original content began with #7. Tonto got his own spin-off title in 1951, which lasted 31 issues, followed by Silver the horse in 1952, which ran to 34 issues. In addition Dell published. Topics: Lone Ranger, comics, cbr, westerns. Lone Ranger Comics # 100 thru 131 The Lone Ranger Comics: Dell had a comic book series which lasted 145 issues. This originally consisted of reprints from the newspaper strips (as had all previous comic book appearances of the character, in various titles from David McKay Publications and from Dell); however, original content began with #7. Tonto got his own spin-off title in 1951, which lasted 31 issues, followed by Silver the horse in 1952, which ran to 34 issues. In addition Dell published. Topics: Lone Ranger, comics, cbr, westerns. Donald and the boys are visiting an hotel in an avalanche prone area. Who is starting the avalanches whenever the Screaming Cowboy's music(that's music?)is played on the jukebox. Little Bad Wolf AND Grandma Duck are featured in this issue along with the Mickey Mouse serial at the end of this dime tome. Mickey Mouse's story to be continued?!?! - - - - Not to worry. AI Now has some 698 or so of these wonderful comics and will eventually post them after all the legal stuff is disposed. Topics: comic book, Disney, Donald, Mickey, Stories:Comics & Stories, Comics and Stories, Disney. The Cisco Kid is a film, radio, television and comic book series based on the fictional Western character created by O. Henry in his short story 'The Caballero's Way', published in 1907 in the collection Heart of the West. Films and television depicted the Cisco Kid as a heroic Mexican caballero, although in O. Henry's original story, he was a non-Hispanic character and a cruel outlaw. Look for the.cbr or cbz files. For a Free Download of Comic Books based on Movie and TV Western. Topics: Cisco Kid, comics, western, cbr. The Lone Ranger is an American, long-running, old-time radio and early television show created by George W. Trendle (with considerable input from station staff members), and developed by writer Fran Striker. The series also inspired numerous comic books, two movie serials, books, a live action television series (1949-1957) starring Clayton Moore as the Lone Ranger (which is probably the best known treatment of the franchise.). The Lone Ranger received the full mass-merchandising treatment from. Topics: Gaylord DuBois, Fran Striker, Lone Ranger, Tonto, comics, TV, otr. This is great! First you get 6 pages of comic strip,depicting the story of Traci getting into the porn industry,by Hart D. Fisher and Brian Brinkerhoff,that looks to be in the style of Raymond Pettibon! Then you have 11 pin-ups by Alain Renauld (one by Larry Saunders) that appear to be in the style of John Wayne Gacy or G G Allin! Then a preview of a then up-coming comic,'The Devil's Bite',and the usual ads and back catalog of comics. Cover painting by Wally Lowe. Hart also did. Topics: adult, alain renauld, boneyard press, brian brinkerhoff, comics, gg allin, hart d. Fisher, john. The Lone Ranger is an American, long-running, old-time radio and early television show created by George W. Trendle (with considerable input from station staff members), and developed by writer Fran Striker. The theme music was the 'cavalry charge' finale of Gioacchino Rossini's William Tell Overture, now inseparably associated with the series. The series also inspired numerous comic books, two movie serials, books, a live action television series (1949-1957) starring Clayton Moore as. Favorite favorite favorite favorite favorite ( 1 reviews ) Topics: Lone Ranger, comics, western, cbr. The Lone Ranger is an American, long-running, old-time radio and early television show created by George W. Trendle (with considerable input from station staff members), and developed by writer Fran Striker. The series also inspired numerous comic books, two movie serials, books, a live action television series (1949-1957) starring Clayton Moore as the Lone Ranger (which is probably the best known treatment of the franchise.). Look for.cbr or.cbz files Topics: Lone Ranger, Fran Striker, comics, cbr, otr, TV. The Gunsmoke radio version ran from 1952 to 1961 and, according to John Dunning, amongst old-time radio fans, 'Gunsmoke is routinely placed among the best shows of any kind and any time.' The television version ran from 1955 to 1975 and is the longest running prime time drama and the second-longest running prime time fictional program in U.S. Television history, its record surpassed only by the Disney anthology television series and Hallmark Hall of Fame. Comic books based on the. Topics: Gunsmoke, comics, cbr, westerns, TV. Lone Ranger Comics # 70 thru 81 The Lone Ranger Comics: Dell had a comic book series which lasted 145 issues. This originally consisted of reprints from the newspaper strips (as had all previous comic book appearances of the character, in various titles from David McKay Publications and from Dell); however, original content began with #7. Tonto got his own spin-off title in 1951, which lasted 31 issues, followed by Silver the horse in 1952, which ran to 34 issues. In addition Dell published. Topics: Lone Ranger, comics, cbr, westerns. Wanted Dead or Alive # 1102 2. Wells Fargo # 876 3. Wells Fargo # 968 4. Wells Fargo # 1023 5. Wells Fargo # 1215 6. Wells Fargo # 01-495-207 7. Wyatt Earp # 890 8. Wyatt Earp # 921 For a free download of up to 50 + TV Western Comics: Including Bat Masterson, Bonanza, Cheyenne, Gunsmoke, Have Gun Will Travel, Maverick, RawHide, Rifleman, Wagon Train, Wyatt Earp, and many others, go to these web sites: Topics: Wells Fargo, Wyatt Earp, Comics, cbr, TV Westerns. SugarFoot # 1098 2. SugarFoot # 1147 3. Texas Rangers # 396 4. Texas Rangers # 961 5. Texas Rangers # 1021 6. The Rebel # 1138 7. The Texan # 1027 8. Wagon Train # 089 9. Wagon Train # 1019 For a Free Download of Comic Books based on Movie and TV Western Cowboy Stars such as: Buck Jones, Cisco Kid, Durango Kid, Gene Autry, Hopalong Cassidy, John Wayne, Johnny Mack Brown, Lash LaRue, The Lone Ranger, Rocky Lane, Roy Rogers, Tim Holt, Zane Grey, Zorro, TV Westerns, Movie Westerns and many. Topics: SugarFoot, Texas Rangers, Wagon Train, Comics, cbr, TV Westerns. Zorro began appearing in comic books back in 1949. Beginning with Four-Color 882, the stories featured the characters and likenesses from the series. The artwork was by Alex Toth, a skilled artist who has become famous in the field. Each of the comics features a photo cover using pictures from the series. After several more issues in the Four-Color series, Dell renamed the series under the Zorro title, but started the numbering with issue #8 to reflect the earlier issues. Look for.cbr or.cbz. Topics: Zorro, comics, cbr, westerns, Johnston McCulley. The Lone Ranger is an American, long-running, old-time radio and early television show created by George W. Trendle (with considerable input from station staff members), and developed by writer Fran Striker. The series also inspired numerous comic books, two movie serials, books, a live action television series (1949-1957) starring Clayton Moore as the Lone Ranger (which is probably the best known treatment of the franchise.). The Lone Ranger received the full mass-merchandising treatment from. Topics: Fran Striker, Lone Ranger, comics, cbr, TV, otr. Davy Crockett # 631 - Indian Fighter Davy Crockett # 639 - At the Alamo Davy Crockett # 664 - The Great Keelboat Race Davy Crockett could rightly be called the first miniseries of all time. Davy captured the hearts of both young and old. The show was also a merchandising pioneer as coonskin caps sold like hotcakes. About 100 million dollars worth. The idea of selling tie-ins from a show is accepted practice now but it wasn't back then! Fess Parker portrayed both Davy Crockett and later Daniel. ( 1 reviews ) Topics: Davy Crockett, Fess Parker, Comics, cbr, TV. The Lone Ranger is an American, long-running, old-time radio and early television show created by George W. Trendle (with considerable input from station staff members), and developed by writer Fran Striker. The series also inspired numerous comic books, two movie serials, books, a live action television series (1949-1957) starring Clayton Moore as the Lone Ranger (which is probably the best known treatment of the franchise.). Look for.cbr or.cbz files Topics: Lone Ranger, comics, cbr, Fran Striker, otr, TV. The Sad Sack is an American fictional comic strip and comic book character created by Sgt. George Baker during World War II. Set in the United States Army, Sad Sack depicted an otherwise unnamed, lowly private experiencing some of the absurdities and humiliations of military life. The phrase entered the vernacular to describe a meek, blundering, inept serviceman who nonetheless means well but resignedly finding the odds always against him in military life. After WWII, it became a popular term. Topics: sad sack, comic books, comics. Zorro debuted in Johnston McCulley's 1919 story 'The Curse of Capistrano', serialized in five parts in the pulp magazine All-Story Weekly. Zorro began appearing in comic books back in 1949 Look for the file in.cbr (comic book reader) format. For a Free Download of Comic Books based on Movie and TV Western Cowboy Stars such as: Buck Jones, Cisco Kid, Durango Kid, Gene Autry, Hopalong Cassidy, John Wayne, Johnny Mack Brown, Lash LaRue, The Lone Ranger, Rocky Lane, Roy Rogers, Tim Holt. Topics: Zorro, Johnston McCulley, cbr, comics. A small sized adult comic/art booklet (subtitled,'The Little Book Of Naughty Bits'),with plenty of humor and hot naked girls,in cartoon form. I have about a half dozen of these,if you like them,become a follower to this blog,leave a comment or two about what you want to see more of! I will try to make it happen! Published by Jabberwocky Graphix in Irving,TX. Editor Brad W. Foster did the cover art,and in this issue there is stuff from: R.C.Harvey,Doug Holverson, Kyle Miller. Topics: adult, art, brad w. Foster, comics, fetish comix, funny, goodies, humor, irving, jabberwocky. The Lone Ranger is an American, long-running, old-time radio and early television show created by George W. Trendle (with considerable input from station staff members), and developed by writer Fran Striker. The series also inspired numerous comic books, two movie serials, books, a live action television series (1949-1957) starring Clayton Moore as the Lone Ranger (which is probably the best known treatment of the franchise.). The Lone Ranger received the full mass-merchandising treatment from. Topics: Gaylord Dubois, Fran Striker, Lone Ranger, Tonto, cbr, comics, TV, otr. Ace Comics was the banner under which pulp magazine publisher Aaron A. Wyn and his wife Rose Wyn produced comic books between 1940 and the end of 1956. The Wyns had been publishing pulp fiction under the Periodical House and Magazine Publishers names since 1928. Like many comic book publishers of the day, Ace Comics earlier series included costumed superheroes, although as trends in the comic book market changed by the 1950s the focus shifted more to other genres, such as crime, horror. Topic: Andy Comics #20 June 1948. The Lone Ranger is an American, long-running, old-time radio and early television show created by George W. Trendle (with considerable input from station staff members), and developed by writer Fran Striker. The theme music was the 'cavalry charge' finale of Gioacchino Rossini's William Tell Overture, now inseparably associated with the Lone Ranger series. The series also inspired numerous comic books, two movie serials, books, and a live action television series starring Clayton. Favorite favorite favorite favorite favorite ( 1 reviews ) Topics: Lone Ranger, Fran Striker, Comics, cbr. Forbidden Worlds was a 52 page comic with the initial subtitle 'Exploring the supernatural!' , debuted in October 1951. The comic was replaced by Young Heroes from February until October 1955, when it reappeared with #35 and the altered subtitle 'Stories of strange adventure'. #101 saw a price raise from 10 cents to 12 cents. From #108 on, it became sporadically two monthly instead of strictly monthly. #114 and #116 were special issues called Forbidden Worlds presents Herbie. Topics: Forbidden Worlds, comic books, comics. The Lone Ranger is an American, long-running, old-time radio and early television show created by George W. Trendle (with considerable input from station staff members), and developed by writer Fran Striker. The theme music was the 'cavalry charge' finale of Gioacchino Rossini's William Tell Overture, now inseparably associated with the series. The series also inspired numerous comic books, two movie serials, books, a live action television series (1949-1957) starring Clayton Moore as. Topics: Lone Ranger, Comics, western, cbr. The Lone Ranger is an American, long-running, old-time radio and early television show created by George W. Trendle (with considerable input from station staff members), and developed by writer Fran Striker. The series also inspired numerous comic books, two movie serials, books, a live action television series (1949-1957) starring Clayton Moore as the Lone Ranger (which is probably the best known treatment of the franchise.). The Lone Ranger received the full mass-merchandising treatment from. Topics: Gaylord DuBois, Fran Striker, Lone Ranger, otr, comics, TV. Power Rangers comics have been published by a variety of companies over the years, and this archive entry attempts to seek them all out and archive them for posterity. The companies involved include Hamilton Comics, Image Comics, Acclaim Saban, Marvel Comics, Jetix, Fox Kids, and likely several others. The first uploaded issue, marked 'rare,' is a comic that was released in packages of Fruit of the Loom Power Rangers underwear. Note this comic came out in 1994, but for whatever. Topics: power rangers, hamilton, comics, mmpr, saban, marvel, beetleborgs, vr troopers, turbo. Zorro debuted in Johnston McCulley's 1919 story 'The Curse of Capistrano', serialized in five parts in the pulp magazine All-Story Weekly. Zorro began appearing in comic books back in 1949. Look for the file in.cbr (comic book reader) format. For a Free Download of Comic Books based on Movie and TV Western Cowboy Stars such as: Buck Jones, Cisco Kid, Durango Kid, Gene Autry, Hopalong Cassidy, John Wayne, Johnny Mack Brown, Lash LaRue, The Lone Ranger, Rocky Lane, Roy Rogers, Tim. Topics: Zorro, Comics, cbr, Johnston McCulley. Arranging including Equivalent in download GSM – Architecture, Protocols and Services of. We influence eBook. Architecture, Protocols and Services free. Book Description With around 3 billion subscribers, GSM is the world's most commonly used technology for wireless communication. 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Please upload a file larger than 100 x 100 pixels • We are experiencing some problems, please try again. • You can only upload files of type PNG, JPG or JPEG. • You can only upload files of type 3GP, 3GPP, MP4, MOV, AVI, MPG, MPEG or RM. • You can only upload photos smaller than 5 MB. • You can only upload videos smaller than 600 MB. • You can only upload a photo (png, jpg, jpeg) or video (3gp, 3gpp, mp4, mov, avi, mpg, mpeg, rm). • You can only upload a photo or video. • Video should be smaller than 600 MB/5 minutes • Photo should be smaller than 5 MB •. A proof from 's, widely considered the most influential textbook of all time. The area of study known as the history of mathematics is primarily an investigation into the origin of discoveries in and, to a lesser extent, an investigation into the. Before the and the worldwide spread of knowledge, written examples of new mathematical developments have come to light only in a few locales. From 3000 BC the states of, and, together with and began using, and for purposes of taxation, commerce, trade and also in the field of and to formulate and record time. The most ancient mathematical texts available are from and - ( c. 1900 BC), the ( c. 2000–1800 BC) and the (Egyptian c. All of these texts mention the so-called and so, by inference, the, seems to be the most ancient and widespread mathematical development after basic arithmetic and geometry. The study of mathematics as a 'demonstrative discipline' begins in the 6th century BC with the, who coined the term 'mathematics' from the ancient μάθημα ( mathema), meaning 'subject of instruction'. Greatly refined the methods (especially through the introduction of deductive reasoning and in ) and expanded the subject matter of mathematics. Although they made virtually no contributions to, the used in,,,, creation of and, and even. Made early contributions, including a and the first use of. The and the rules for the use of its operations, in use throughout the world today evolved over the course of the first millennium AD in and were transmitted to the via through the work of. Islamic mathematics, in turn, developed and expanded the mathematics known to these civilizations. Contemporaneous with but independent of these traditions were the mathematics developed by the of and, where the concept of was given a standard symbol in. Many Greek and Arabic texts on mathematics were from the 12th century onward, leading to further development of mathematics in. Buy, download and read The History of Mathematics ebook online in EPUB or PDF format for iPhone, iPad, Android, Computer and Mobile readers. Author: Roger L. Home » History of Mathematics. History of Mathematics. Lobachevski Illuminated. Beyond the Quadratic Formula. Hands on History. The History of Mathematics: A Brief Course (Roger L. Cooke) at Booksamillion.com. Praise for the Second Edition'An amazing assemblage of worldwide contributions in mathematics and, in addition to use as a course book, a valuable resource... --CHOICEThis Third Edition of The History of Mathematics. From ancient times through the, periods of mathematical discovery were often followed by centuries of stagnation. Beginning in in the 15th century, new mathematical developments, interacting with new scientific discoveries, were made at an that continues through the present day. This includes the groundbreaking work of both and in the development of infinitesimal during the course of the 17th century. At the end of the 19th century the was founded and continues to spearhead advances in the field. Contents • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Prehistoric [ ] The origins of mathematical thought lie in the concepts of,, and. Modern studies of animal cognition have shown that these concepts are not unique to humans. Such concepts would have been part of everyday life in hunter-gatherer societies. The idea of the 'number' concept evolving gradually over time is supported by the existence of languages which preserve the distinction between 'one', 'two', and 'many', but not of numbers larger than two. Discovered in Africa, dated years old or more suggest early attempts to time. [ ] The, found near the headwaters of the river (northeastern ), may be more than years old and consists of a series of marks carved in three columns running the length of the bone. Common interpretations are that the Ishango bone shows either a tally of the earliest known demonstration of of or a six-month lunar calendar. Peter Rudman argues that the development of the concept of prime numbers could only have come about after the concept of division, which he dates to after 10,000 BC, with prime numbers probably not being understood until about 500 BC. He also writes that 'no attempt has been made to explain why a tally of something should exhibit multiples of two, prime numbers between 10 and 20, and some numbers that are almost multiples of 10.' The Ishango bone, according to scholar, may have influenced the later development of mathematics in Egypt as, like some entries on the Ishango bone, Egyptian arithmetic also made use of multiplication by 2; this however, is disputed. Of the 5th millennium BC pictorially represented designs. It has been claimed that monuments in and, dating from the 3rd millennium BC, incorporate geometric ideas such as,, and in their design. All of the above are disputed however, and the currently oldest undisputed mathematical documents are from Babylonian and dynastic Egyptian sources. Babylonian [ ]. The Babylonian mathematical tablet Plimpton 322, dated to 1800 BC. Mathematics refers to any mathematics of the peoples of (modern ) from the days of the early through the almost to the dawn of. The majority of Babylonian mathematical work comes from two widely separated periods: The first few hundred years of the second millennium BC (Old Babylonian period), and the last few centuries of the first millennium BC ( period). It is named Babylonian mathematics due to the central role of as a place of study. Later under the, Mesopotamia, especially, once again became an important center of study for. In contrast to the sparsity of sources in, our knowledge of Babylonian mathematics is derived from more than 400 clay tablets unearthed since the 1850s. Written in, tablets were inscribed whilst the clay was moist, and baked hard in an oven or by the heat of the sun. Some of these appear to be graded homework. The earliest evidence of written mathematics dates back to the ancient, who built the earliest civilization in Mesopotamia. They developed a complex system of from 3000 BC. From around 2500 BC onwards, the Sumerians wrote on clay tablets and dealt with exercises and problems. The earliest traces of the Babylonian numerals also date back to this period. Geometry problem on a clay tablet belonging to a school for scribes;, first half of the 2nd millennium BCE Babylonian mathematics were written using a (base-60). From this derives the modern day usage of 60 seconds in a minute, 60 minutes in an hour, and 360 (60 x 6) degrees in a circle, as well as the use of seconds and minutes of arc to denote fractions of a degree. It is likely the sexagesimal system was chosen because 60 can be evenly divided by 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12, 15, 20 and 30. Also, unlike the Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans, the Babylonians had a true place-value system, where digits written in the left column represented larger values, much as in the system. The power of the Babylonian notational system lay in that it could be used to represent fractions as easily as whole numbers; thus multiplying two numbers that contained fractions was no different than multiplying integers, similar to our modern notation. The notational system of the Babylonians was the best of any civilization until the, and its power allowed it to achieve remarkable computation accuracy and power; for example, the Babylonian tablet gives an approximation of √2 accurate to five decimal places. The Babylonians lacked, however, an equivalent of the decimal point, and so the place value of a symbol often had to be inferred from the context. By the Seleucid period, the Babylonians had developed a zero symbol as a placeholder for empty positions; however it was only used for intermediate positions. This zero sign does not appear in terminal positions, thus the Babylonians came close but did not develop a true place value system. Other topics covered by Babylonian mathematics include fractions, algebra, quadratic and cubic equations, and the calculation of. The tablets also include multiplication tables and methods for solving, and, a remarkable achievement for the time. Tablets from the Old Babylonian period also contain the earliest known statement of the. However, as with Egyptian mathematics, Babylonian mathematics shows no awareness of the difference between exact and approximate solutions, or the solvability of a problem, and most importantly, no explicit statement of the need for or logical principles. Egyptian [ ]. Image of Problem 14 from the. The problem includes a diagram indicating the dimensions of the truncated pyramid. Mathematics refers to mathematics written in the. From the, replaced Egyptian as the written language of scholars. Mathematical study in later continued under the as part of, when became the written language of Egyptian scholars. The most extensive Egyptian mathematical text is the (sometimes also called the Ahmes Papyrus after its author), dated to c. 1650 BC but likely a copy of an older document from the of about 2000–1800 BC. It is an instruction manual for students in arithmetic and geometry. In addition to giving area formulas and methods for multiplication, division and working with unit fractions, it also contains evidence of other mathematical knowledge, including and;, and; and simplistic understandings of both the and (namely, that of the number 6). It also shows how to solve first order as well as and. Another significant Egyptian mathematical text is the, also from the period, dated to c. It consists of what are today called word problems or story problems, which were apparently intended as entertainment. One problem is considered to be of particular importance because it gives a method for finding the volume of a (truncated pyramid). Finally, the (c. 1800 BC) shows that ancient Egyptians could solve a second-order. The are generally credited with the first proof of the theorem. Greek mathematics refers to the mathematics written in the from the time of (~600 BC) to the closure of the in 529 AD. Greek mathematicians lived in cities spread over the entire Eastern Mediterranean, from Italy to North Africa, but were united by culture and language. Greek mathematics of the period following is sometimes called mathematics. Greek mathematics was much more sophisticated than the mathematics that had been developed by earlier cultures. All surviving records of pre-Greek mathematics show the use of inductive reasoning, that is, repeated observations used to establish rules of thumb. Greek mathematicians, by contrast, used deductive reasoning. The Greeks used logic to derive conclusions from definitions and axioms, and used to them. Greek mathematics is thought to have begun with (c. 624–c.546 BC) and (c. Although the extent of the influence is disputed, they were probably inspired by and. According to legend, Pythagoras traveled to Egypt to learn mathematics, geometry, and astronomy from Egyptian priests. Thales used to solve problems such as calculating the height of and the distance of ships from the shore. He is credited with the first use of deductive reasoning applied to geometry, by deriving four corollaries to. As a result, he has been hailed as the first true mathematician and the first known individual to whom a mathematical discovery has been attributed. Pythagoras established the, whose doctrine it was that mathematics ruled the universe and whose motto was 'All is number'. It was the Pythagoreans who coined the term 'mathematics', and with whom the study of mathematics for its own sake begins. The Pythagoreans are credited with the first proof of the, though the statement of the theorem has a long history, and with the proof of the existence of. Although he was preceded by the and the, the mathematician (60–120 AD) provided one of the earliest, whereas the oldest extant Greek multiplication table is found on a wax tablet dated to the 1st century AD (now found in the ). The association of the Neopythagoreans with the Western invention of the multiplication table is evident in its later name: the mensa Pythagorica. Archimedes used the to approximate the value of. (428/427 BC – 348/347 BC) is important in the history of mathematics for inspiring and guiding others. His, in, became the mathematical center of the world in the 4th century BC, and it was from this school that the leading mathematicians of the day, such as, came. Plato also discussed the foundations of mathematics, clarified some of the definitions (e.g. That of a line as 'breadthless length'), and reorganized the assumptions. The is ascribed to Plato, while a formula for obtaining Pythagorean triples bears his name. (408–c.355 BC) developed the, a precursor of modern and a theory of ratios that avoided the problem of. The former allowed the calculations of areas and volumes of curvilinear figures, while the latter enabled subsequent geometers to make significant advances in geometry. Though he made no specific technical mathematical discoveries, (384–c.322 BC) contributed significantly to the development of mathematics by laying the foundations of. In the 3rd century BC, the premier center of mathematical education and research was the of. It was there that (c. 300 BC) taught, and wrote the, widely considered the most successful and influential textbook of all time. The Elements introduced through the and is the earliest example of the format still used in mathematics today, that of definition, axiom, theorem, and proof. Although most of the contents of the Elements were already known, Euclid arranged them into a single, coherent logical framework. The Elements was known to all educated people in the West until the middle of the 20th century and its contents are still taught in geometry classes today. In addition to the familiar theorems of, the Elements was meant as an introductory textbook to all mathematical subjects of the time, such as, and, including proofs that the square root of two is irrational and that there are infinitely many prime numbers. Euclid also on other subjects, such as,,, and mechanics, but only half of his writings survive. Made significant advances in the study of. (c.287–212 BC) of, widely considered the greatest mathematician of antiquity, used the to calculate the under the arc of a with the, in a manner not too dissimilar from modern calculus. He also showed one could use the method of exhaustion to calculate the value of with as much precision as desired, and obtained the most accurate value of π then known, 3 10 / 71. Title page of the 1621 edition of Diophantus' Arithmetica, translated into. Around the same time, (c. 276–194 BC) devised the for finding. The 3rd century BC is generally regarded as the 'Golden Age' of Greek mathematics, with advances in pure mathematics henceforth in relative decline. Nevertheless, in the centuries that followed significant advances were made in applied mathematics, most notably, largely to address the needs of astronomers. 190–120 BC) is considered the founder of trigonometry for compiling the first known trigonometric table, and to him is also due the systematic use of the 360 degree circle. 10–70 AD) is credited with for finding the area of a scalene triangle and with being the first to recognize the possibility of negative numbers possessing square roots. 100 AD) pioneered through. The most complete and influential trigonometric work of antiquity is the of (c. AD 90–168), a landmark astronomical treatise whose trigonometric tables would be used by astronomers for the next thousand years. Ptolemy is also credited with for deriving trigonometric quantities, and the most accurate value of π outside of China until the medieval period, 3.1416. Following a period of stagnation after Ptolemy, the period between 250 and 350 AD is sometimes referred to as the 'Silver Age' of Greek mathematics. During this period, made significant advances in, particularly, which is also known as 'Diophantine analysis'. The study of and is a significant area of research to this day. His main work was the Arithmetica, a collection of 150 algebraic problems dealing with exact solutions to determinate and. The Arithmetica had a significant influence on later mathematicians, such as, who arrived at his famous after trying to generalize a problem he had read in the Arithmetica (that of dividing a square into two squares). Diophantus also made significant advances in notation, the Arithmetica being the first instance of algebraic symbolism and syncopation. Among the last great Greek mathematicians is (4th century AD). He is known for his and, as well as the and. His Collection is a major source of knowledge on Greek mathematics as most of it has survived. Pappus is considered the last major innovator in Greek mathematics, with subsequent work consisting mostly of commentaries on earlier work. The was designed by the Greek mathematicians and. The first woman mathematician recorded by history was of Alexandria (AD 350–415). She succeeded her father as Librarian at the Great Library and wrote many works on applied mathematics. Because of a political dispute, the in Alexandria had her stripped publicly and executed. Her death is sometimes taken as the end of the era of the Alexandrian Greek mathematics, although work did continue in Athens for another century with figures such as, and. Although Proclus and Simplicius were more philosophers than mathematicians, their commentaries on earlier works are valuable sources on Greek mathematics. The closure of the neo-Platonic by the emperor in 529 AD is traditionally held as marking the end of the era of Greek mathematics, although the Greek tradition continued unbroken in the with mathematicians such as and, the architects of the. Nevertheless, Byzantine mathematics consisted mostly of commentaries, with little in the way of innovation, and the centers of mathematical innovation were to be found elsewhere by this time. Equipment used by an land ( ), found at the site of, modern, Although mathematicians continued to live under the rule of the late and subsequent, there were no noteworthy mathematicians in comparison. Such as (106-43 BC), an influential Roman statesman who studied mathematics in Greece, believed that Roman and were far more interested in than the and geometry that were prized by the Greeks. It is unclear if the Romans first derived directly from or from used by the centered in what is now,. Using calculation, Romans were adept at both instigating and detecting financial, as well as for the., one of the Roman (i.e. Land surveyor), wrote the Categories of Fields, which aided Roman surveyors in measuring the of allotted lands and territories. Aside from managing trade and taxes, the Romans also regularly applied mathematics to solve problems in, including the erection of such as,, and. Such as, inspired by previous, created illusionist geometric patterns and rich, detailed scenes that required precise measurements for each tile, the pieces on average measuring eight millimeters square and the finer pieces having an average surface of four millimeters square. The creation of the also necessitated basic mathematics. The first calendar allegedly dates back to 8th century BC during the and included 356 days plus a every other year. In contrast, the of the Republican era contained 355 days, roughly ten-and-one-fourth days shorter than the, a discrepancy that was solved by adding an extra month into the calendar after the 23rd of February. This calendar was supplanted by the, a organized by (100-44 BC) and devised by to include a every four years in a 365-day cycle. This calendar, which contained an error of 11 minutes and 14 seconds, was later corrected by the organized by ( r. 1572–1585), virtually the same solar calendar used in modern times as the international standard calendar. At roughly the same time, and the Romans both invented the wheeled device for measuring traveled, the Roman model first described by the Roman civil engineer and architect (c. The device was used at least until the reign of emperor ( r. 177 – 192 AD), but its design seems to have been lost until experiments were made during the 15th century in Western Europe. Perhaps relying on similar gear-work and found in the, the odometer of Vitruvius featured chariot wheels measuring 4 feet (1.2 m) in diameter turning four-hundred times in one (roughly 4590 ft/1400 m). With each revolution, a pin-and-axle device engaged a 400-tooth that turned a second gear responsible for dropping pebbles into a box, each pebble representing one mile traversed. One of the earliest surviving mathematical texts from (2nd century AD). An analysis of early Chinese mathematics has demonstrated its unique development compared to other parts of the world, leading scholars to assume an entirely independent development. The oldest extant mathematical text from China is the, variously dated to between 1200 BC and 100 BC, though a date of about 300 BC during the appears reasonable. However, the, containing the earliest known (although ancient Babylonians had ones with a base of 60), is dated around 305 BC and is perhaps the oldest surviving mathematical text of China. Of particular note is the use in Chinese mathematics of a decimal positional notation system, the so-called 'rod numerals' in which distinct ciphers were used for numbers between 1 and 10, and additional ciphers for powers of ten. Thus, the number 123 would be written using the symbol for '1', followed by the symbol for '100', then the symbol for '2' followed by the symbol for '10', followed by the symbol for '3'. This was the most advanced number system in the world at the time, apparently in use several centuries before the common era and well before the development of the Indian numeral system. Allowed the representation of numbers as large as desired and allowed calculations to be carried out on the, or Chinese abacus. The date of the invention of the suan pan is not certain, but the earliest written mention dates from AD 190, in 's Supplementary Notes on the Art of Figures. The oldest existent work on in China comes from the philosophical canon c. 330 BC, compiled by the followers of (470–390 BC). The Mo Jing described various aspects of many fields associated with physical science, and provided a small number of geometrical theorems as well. It also defined the concepts of,,, and. In 212 BC, the Emperor commanded all books in the other than officially sanctioned ones be burned. This decree was not universally obeyed, but as a consequence of this order little is known about ancient Chinese mathematics before this date. After the of 212 BC, the (202 BC–220 AD) produced works of mathematics which presumably expanded on works that are now lost. The most important of these is, the full title of which appeared by AD 179, but existed in part under other titles beforehand. It consists of 246 word problems involving agriculture, business, employment of geometry to figure height spans and dimension ratios for towers, engineering,, and includes material on. It created mathematical proof for the, and a mathematical formula for. The treatise also provides values of, which Chinese mathematicians originally approximated as 3 until (d. 23 AD) provided a figure of 3.1457 and subsequently (78-139) approximated pi as 3.1724, as well as 3.162 by taking the of 10. Commented on the Nine Chapters in the 3rd century AD and accurate to 5 decimal places (i.e. Though more of a matter of computational stamina than theoretical insight, in the 5th century AD computed to seven decimal places (i.e. 3.141592), which remained the most accurate value of π for almost the next 1000 years. He also established a method which would later be called to find the volume of a. The high-water mark of Chinese mathematics occured in the 13th century during the latter half of the (960-1279), with the development of Chinese algebra. The most important text from that period is the by (1249–1314), dealing with the solution of simultaneous higher order algebraic equations using a method similar to. The Precious Mirror also contains a diagram of with coefficients of binomial expansions through the eighth power, though both appear in Chinese works as early as 1100. The Chinese also made use of the complex combinatorial diagram known as the and, described in ancient times and perfected by (AD 1238–1298). Even after European mathematics began to flourish during the, European and Chinese mathematics were separate traditions, with significant Chinese mathematical output in decline from the 13th century onwards. Missionaries such as carried mathematical ideas back and forth between the two cultures from the 16th to 18th centuries, though at this point far more mathematical ideas were entering China than leaving.,, and are traditionally viewed as stemming from Chinese mathematics and belonging to the -based. Korean and Japanese mathematics were heavily influenced by the algebraic works produced during China's Song dynasty, whereas Vietnamese mathematics was heavily indebted to popular works of China's (1368-1644). For instance, although Vietnamese mathematical treatises were written in either or the native Vietnamese script, all of them followed the Chinese format of presenting a collection of problems with for solving them, followed by numerical answers. Mathematics in Vietnam and Korea were mostly associated with the professional court bureaucracy of, whereas in Japan it was more prevalent in the realm of. The oldest extant mathematical records from India are the (dated variously between the 8th century BC and the 2nd century AD), appendices to religious texts which give simple rules for constructing altars of various shapes, such as squares, rectangles, parallelograms, and others. As with Egypt, the preoccupation with temple functions points to an origin of mathematics in religious ritual. The Sulba Sutras give methods for constructing a, which imply several different approximations of the value of. In addition, they compute the of 2 to several decimal places, list Pythagorean triples, and give a statement of the. All of these results are present in Babylonian mathematics, indicating Mesopotamian influence. It is not known to what extent the Sulba Sutras influenced later Indian mathematicians. As in China, there is a lack of continuity in Indian mathematics; significant advances are separated by long periods of inactivity. 5th century BC) formulated the rules for. His notation was similar to modern mathematical notation, and used metarules,, and. (roughly 3rd–1st centuries BC) in his treatise of uses a device corresponding to a. His discussion of the of corresponds to an elementary version of the. Pingala's work also contains the basic ideas of (called mātrāmeru). The next significant mathematical documents from India after the Sulba Sutras are the Siddhantas, astronomical treatises from the 4th and 5th centuries AD () showing strong Hellenistic influence. They are significant in that they contain the first instance of trigonometric relations based on the half-chord, as is the case in modern trigonometry, rather than the full chord, as was the case in Ptolemaic trigonometry. Through a series of translation errors, the words 'sine' and 'cosine' derive from the Sanskrit 'jiya' and 'kojiya'. In the 5th century AD, wrote the, a slim volume, written in verse, intended to supplement the rules of calculation used in astronomy and mathematical mensuration, though with no feeling for logic or deductive methodology. Though about half of the entries are wrong, it is in the Aryabhatiya that the decimal place-value system first appears. Several centuries later, the described the Aryabhatiya as a 'mix of common pebbles and costly crystals'. Explanation of the in In the 7th century, identified the, and, and for the first time, in, he lucidly explained the use of as both a placeholder and, and explained the. It was from a translation of this Indian text on mathematics (c. 770) that Islamic mathematicians were introduced to this numeral system, which they adapted as. Islamic scholars carried knowledge of this number system to Europe by the 12th century, and it has now displaced all older number systems throughout the world. Various symbol sets are used to represent numbers in the Hindu–Arabic numeral system, all of which evolved from the. Each of the roughly dozen major scripts of India has its own numeral glyphs. In the 10th century, 's commentary on 's work contains a study of the and, and describes the formation of a. [ ] In the 12th century, lived in southern India and wrote extensively on all then known branches of mathematics. His work contains mathematical objects equivalent or approximately equivalent to infinitesimals, derivatives, and the derivative of the sine function. To what extent he anticipated the invention of calculus is a controversial subject among historians of mathematics. In the 14th century,, the founder of the so-called, found the, and, using 21 terms, computed the value of π as 3.9. Madhava also found to determine the arctangent, the Madhava-Newton power series to determine sine and cosine and for sine and cosine functions. In the 16th century, consolidated many of the Kerala School's developments and theorems in the Yukti-bhāṣā. However, the Kerala School did not formulate a systematic theory of and, nor is there any direct evidence of their results being transmitted outside Kerala. Page from by (c. AD 820) The established across, the,,,, and in parts of in the 8th century made significant contributions towards mathematics. Although most Islamic texts on mathematics were written in, most of them were not written by, since much like the status of Greek in the Hellenistic world, Arabic was used as the written language of non-Arab scholars throughout the Islamic world at the time. Contributed to the world of Mathematics alongside Arabs. In the 9th century, the mathematician wrote several important books on the Hindu–Arabic numerals and on methods for solving equations. His book On the Calculation with Hindu Numerals, written about 825, along with the work of, were instrumental in spreading and to the West. The word is derived from the Latinization of his name, Algoritmi, and the word from the title of one of his works, ( The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing). He gave an exhaustive explanation for the algebraic solution of quadratic equations with positive roots, and he was the first to teach algebra in an and for its own sake. He also discussed the fundamental method of ' and 'balancing', referring to the transposition of subtracted terms to the other side of an equation, that is, the cancellation of like terms on opposite sides of the equation. This is the operation which al-Khwārizmī originally described as al-jabr. His algebra was also no longer concerned 'with a series of problems to be resolved, but an which starts with primitive terms in which the combinations must give all possible prototypes for equations, which henceforward explicitly constitute the true object of study.' He also studied an equation for its own sake and 'in a generic manner, insofar as it does not simply emerge in the course of solving a problem, but is specifically called on to define an infinite class of problems.' In Egypt, extended algebra to the set of, accepting square roots and fourth roots as solutions and coefficients to quadratic equations. He also developed techniques used to solve three non-linear simultaneous equations with three unknown variables. One unique feature of his works was trying to find all the possible solutions to some of his problems, including one where he found 2676 solutions. His works formed an important foundation for the development of algebra and influenced later mathematicians, such as al-Karaji and Fibonacci. Further developments in algebra were made by in his treatise al-Fakhri, where he extends the methodology to incorporate integer powers and integer roots of unknown quantities. Something close to a by appears in a book written by Al-Karaji around 1000 AD, who used it to prove the,, and the sum of. The of mathematics, F. Woepcke, praised Al-Karaji for being 'the first who introduced the of.' Also in the 10th century, translated the works of into Arabic. Was the first mathematician to derive the formula for the sum of the fourth powers, using a method that is readily generalizable for determining the general formula for the sum of any integral powers. He performed an integration in order to find the volume of a, and was able to generalize his result for the integrals of up to the. He thus came close to finding a general formula for the of polynomials, but he was not concerned with any polynomials higher than the fourth degree. In the late 11th century, wrote Discussions of the Difficulties in Euclid, a book about what he perceived as flaws in, especially the. He was also the first to find the general geometric solution to. He was also very influential in. [ ] In the 13th century, (Nasireddin) made advances in. He also wrote influential work on 's. In the 15th century, computed the value of to the 16th decimal place. Kashi also had an algorithm for calculating nth roots, which was a special case of the methods given many centuries later by and. Other achievements of Muslim mathematicians during this period include the addition of the notation to the, the discovery of all the modern besides the sine, 's introduction of and, the development of by, the beginning of by and the development of an. During the time of the and from the 15th century, the development of Islamic mathematics became stagnant. The for numbers 1 through 19, written in the In the, the that flourished in and during the 1st millennium AD developed a unique tradition of mathematics that, due to its geographic isolation, was entirely independent of existing European, Egyptian, and Asian mathematics. Utilized a of 20, the system, instead of a base of ten that forms the basis of the system used by most modern cultures. The Mayas used mathematics to create the as well as to predict astronomical phenomena in their native. While the concept of had to be inferred in the mathematics of many contemporary cultures, the Mayas developed a standard symbol for it. Medieval European [ ]. (1323-1382), shown in this contemporary with an in the foreground, was the first to offer a mathematical proof for the of the. Medieval European interest in mathematics was driven by concerns quite different from those of modern mathematicians. One driving element was the belief that mathematics provided the key to understanding the created order of nature, frequently justified by 's and the biblical passage (in the ) that God had ordered all things in measure, and number, and weight. Provided a place for mathematics in the curriculum in the 6th century when he coined the term to describe the study of arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music. He wrote De institutione arithmetica, a free translation from the Greek of 's Introduction to Arithmetic; De institutione musica, also derived from Greek sources; and a series of excerpts from 's. His works were theoretical, rather than practical, and were the basis of mathematical study until the recovery of Greek and Arabic mathematical works. In the 12th century, European scholars traveled to Spain and Sicily, including 's, translated into Latin by, and the complete text of, translated in various versions by,, and. These and other new sources sparked a renewal of mathematics. Leonardo of Pisa, now known as, serendipitously learned about the on a trip to what is now, with his merchant father. (Europe was still using.) There, he observed a system of (specifically ) which due to the of Hindu–Arabic numerals was much more efficient and greatly facilitated commerce. Leonardo wrote in 1202 (updated in 1254) introducing the technique to Europe and beginning a long period of popularizing it. The book also brought to Europe what is now known as the (known to Indian mathematicians for hundreds of years before that) which was used as an unremarkable example within the text. The 14th century saw the development of new mathematical concepts to investigate a wide range of problems. One important contribution was development of mathematics of local motion. Proposed that speed (V) increases in arithmetic proportion as the ratio of force (F) to resistance (R) increases in geometric proportion. Bradwardine expressed this by a series of specific examples, but although the logarithm had not yet been conceived, we can express his conclusion anachronistically by writing: V = log (F/R). Bradwardine's analysis is an example of transferring a mathematical technique used by and to quantify the nature of compound medicines to a different physical problem. One of the 14th-century,, lacking and the concept of, proposed to measure instantaneous speed 'by the path that would be described by [a body] if. It were moved uniformly at the same degree of speed with which it is moved in that given instant'. Heytesbury and others mathematically determined the distance covered by a body undergoing uniformly accelerated motion (today solved by ), stating that 'a moving body uniformly acquiring or losing that increment [of speed] will traverse in some given time a [distance] completely equal to that which it would traverse if it were moving continuously through the same time with the mean degree [of speed]'. At the and the Italian independently provided graphical demonstrations of this relationship, asserting that the area under the line depicting the constant acceleration, represented the total distance traveled. In a later mathematical commentary on Euclid's Elements, Oresme made a more detailed general analysis in which he demonstrated that a body will acquire in each successive increment of time an increment of any quality that increases as the odd numbers. Since Euclid had demonstrated the sum of the odd numbers are the square numbers, the total quality acquired by the body increases as the square of the time. Renaissance [ ]. Further information: During the, the development of mathematics and of were intertwined. While there is no direct relationship between algebra and accounting, the teaching of the subjects and the books published often intended for the children of merchants who were sent to reckoning schools (in and ) or (known as abbaco in Italy), where they learned the skills useful for trade and commerce. There is probably no need for algebra in performing operations, but for complex bartering operations or the calculation of, a basic knowledge of arithmetic was mandatory and knowledge of algebra was very useful. (c.1415–1492) wrote books on and, including (On Perspective for Painting), Trattato d’Abaco (Abacus Treatise), and De corporibus regularibus (Regular Solids). 's (Italian: 'Review of,, and ') was first printed and published in in 1494. It included a 27-page on, 'Particularis de Computis et Scripturis' (Italian: 'Details of Calculation and Recording'). It was written primarily for, and sold mainly to, merchants who used the book as a reference text, as a source of pleasure from the it contained, and to aid the education of their sons. In Summa Arithmetica, Pacioli introduced symbols for for the first time in a printed book, symbols that became standard notation in Italian Renaissance mathematics. Summa Arithmetica was also the first known book printed in Italy to contain. Pacioli obtained many of his ideas from Piero Della Francesca whom he plagiarized. In Italy, during the first half of the 16th century, and discovered solutions for. Published them in his 1545 book, together with a solution for the, discovered by his student. In 1572 published his L'Algebra in which he showed how to deal with the that could appear in Cardano's formula for solving cubic equations. 's book De Thiende ('the art of tenths'), first published in Dutch in 1585, contained the first systematic treatment of, which influenced all later work on the. Driven by the demands of navigation and the growing need for accurate maps of large areas, grew to be a major branch of mathematics. Was the first to use the word, publishing his Trigonometria in 1595. Regiomontanus's table of sines and cosines was published in 1533. During the Renaissance the desire of artists to represent the natural world realistically, together with the rediscovered philosophy of the Greeks, led artists to study mathematics. They were also the engineers and architects of that time, and so had need of mathematics in any case. The art of painting in perspective, and the developments in geometry that involved, were studied intensely. Mathematics during the Scientific Revolution [ ] 17th century [ ]. The 17th century saw an unprecedented increase of mathematical and scientific ideas across Europe. Observed the moons of Jupiter in orbit about that planet, using a telescope based on a toy imported from Holland. Had gathered an enormous quantity of mathematical data describing the positions of the planets in the sky. By his position as Brahe's assistant, was first exposed to and seriously interacted with the topic of planetary motion. Kepler's calculations were made simpler by the contemporaneous invention of by and. Kepler succeeded in formulating mathematical laws of planetary motion. The developed by (1596–1650) allowed those orbits to be plotted on a graph, in. Building on earlier work by many predecessors, discovered the laws of physics explaining, and brought together the concepts now known as. Independently,, who is arguably one of the most important mathematicians of the 17th century, developed calculus and much of the calculus notation still in use today. Science and mathematics had become an international endeavor, which would soon spread over the entire world. In addition to the application of mathematics to the studies of the heavens, began to expand into new areas, with the correspondence of and. Pascal and Fermat set the groundwork for the investigations of and the corresponding rules of in their discussions over a game of. Pascal, with his, attempted to use the newly developing probability theory to argue for a life devoted to religion, on the grounds that even if the probability of success was small, the rewards were infinite. In some sense, this foreshadowed the development of in the 18th–19th century. 18th century [ ]. Behavior of lines with a common perpendicular in each of the three types of geometry This century saw the development of the two forms of, where the of no longer holds. The Russian mathematician and his rival, the Hungarian mathematician, independently defined and studied, where uniqueness of parallels no longer holds. In this geometry the sum of angles in a triangle add up to less than 180°. Was developed later in the 19th century by the German mathematician; here no parallel can be found and the angles in a triangle add up to more than 180°. Riemann also developed, which unifies and vastly generalizes the three types of geometry, and he defined the concept of a, which generalizes the ideas of and. The 19th century saw the beginning of a great deal of. In Germany gave a first version of, in Ireland developed. The British mathematician devised an algebra that soon evolved into what is now called, in which the only numbers were 0 and 1. Boolean algebra is the starting point of and has important applications in.,, and reformulated the calculus in a more rigorous fashion. Also, for the first time, the limits of mathematics were explored., a Norwegian, and, a Frenchman, proved that there is no general algebraic method for solving polynomial equations of degree greater than four (). Other 19th-century mathematicians utilized this in their proofs that straightedge and compass alone are not sufficient to, to construct the side of a cube twice the volume of a given cube, nor to construct a square equal in area to a given circle. Mathematicians had vainly attempted to solve all of these problems since the time of the ancient Greeks. On the other hand, the limitation of three in geometry was surpassed in the 19th century through considerations of and. Abel and Galois's investigations into the solutions of various polynomial equations laid the groundwork for further developments of, and the associated fields of. In the 20th century physicists and other scientists have seen group theory as the ideal way to study. In the later 19th century, established the first foundations of, which enabled the rigorous treatment of the notion of infinity and has become the common language of nearly all mathematics. Cantor's set theory, and the rise of in the hands of,,,, and, initiated a long running debate on the. The 19th century saw the founding of a number of national mathematical societies: the in 1865, the in 1872, the in 1884, the in 1883, and the in 1888. The first international, special-interest society, the, was formed in 1899, in the context of a. In 1897, Hensel introduced. 20th century [ ]. A map illustrating the The 20th century saw mathematics become a major profession. Every year, thousands of new Ph.D.s in mathematics were awarded, and jobs were available in both teaching and industry. An effort to catalogue the areas and applications of mathematics was undertaken in. In a 1900 speech to the, set out a list of. These problems, spanning many areas of mathematics, formed a central focus for much of 20th-century mathematics. Today, 10 have been solved, 7 are partially solved, and 2 are still open. The remaining 4 are too loosely formulated to be stated as solved or not. Notable historical conjectures were finally proven. In 1976, and used a computer to prove the., building on the work of others, proved in 1995. And proved that the is of (could neither be proved nor disproved from) the. In 1998 proved the. Mathematical collaborations of unprecedented size and scope took place. An example is the (also called the 'enormous theorem'), whose proof between 1955 and 1983 required 500-odd journal articles by about 100 authors, and filling tens of thousands of pages. A group of French mathematicians, including and, publishing under the ', attempted to exposit all of known mathematics as a coherent rigorous whole. The resulting several dozen volumes has had a controversial influence on mathematical education. The of the Gamma function on the complex plane. One of the more colorful figures in 20th-century mathematics was (1887–1920), an Indian who conjectured or proved over 3000 theorems, including properties of, the and its, and. He also made major investigations in the areas of,,, and theory. Published more papers than any other mathematician in history, working with hundreds of collaborators. Mathematicians have a game equivalent to the, which leads to the of a mathematician. This describes the 'collaborative distance' between a person and Paul Erdős, as measured by joint authorship of mathematical papers. Has been described by many as the most important woman in the history of mathematics. She studied the theories of,, and. As in most areas of study, the explosion of knowledge in the scientific age has led to specialization: by the end of the century there were hundreds of specialized areas in mathematics and the was dozens of pages long. More and more were published and, by the end of the century, the development of the led to online publishing. 21st century [ ]. |
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